Nonvenereal endemic treponematoses: Yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta

2020 ◽  
pp. 1204-1210
Author(s):  
Michael Marks ◽  
Oriol Mitjà ◽  
David Mabey
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Penicillin Treatment ◽  
Granulomatous Diseases ◽  
And Cartilage

The endemic treponematoses are chronic, granulomatous diseases caused by morphologically and serologically identical spirochaetes of the genus Treponema. They are spread by intimate but non-sexual contact and possibly by fomites, mainly among children. Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue causing yaws (framboesia), T. pallidum subsp. endemicum causing endemic syphilis (bejel) and T. carateum causing pinta (carate) are distinguishable from T. pallidum subsp. pallidum, causing venereal syphilis, by their epidemiology and pathological effects and genomic structure (e.g. the arp gene). Despite the successful WHO/UNICEF mass penicillin treatment campaign (1952–1964), there has been a resurgence of yaws, mainly in West Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific. Children living in rural areas in warm, humid climates in tropical countries are most affected by yaws. About 10% of untreated cases develop late, disfiguring, or crippling lesions of skin, bone, and cartilage.

scholarly journals African nonhuman primates are infected with the yaws bacterium Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Knauf ◽  
Jan F. Gogarten ◽  
Verena J. Schuenemann ◽  
Hélène M. De Nys ◽  
Ariane Düx ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Hybridization Capture ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Treponemal Infection ◽  
Long Range Pcr ◽  
Global Eradication

AbstractTreponema pallidum subsp. pertenue (TPE) is the causative agent of yaws. The disease was subject to global eradication efforts in the mid 20th century but reemerged in West Africa, Southern Asia, and the Pacific region. Despite its importance for eradication, detailed data on possible nonhuman disease reservoirs are missing. A number of African nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been reported to show skin ulcerations suggestive of treponemal infection in humans. Furthermore antibodies against Treponema pallidum (TP) have been repeatedly detected in wild NHP populations. While genetic studies confirmed that NHPs are infected with TP strains, subspecies identification was only possible once for a strain isolated in 1966, pinpointing the involvement of TPE. We therefore collected a number of recently isolated simian TP strains and determined eight whole genome sequences using hybridization capture or long-range PCR combined with next-generation sequencing. These new genomes were compared with those of known human TP isolates. Our results show that naturally occurring simian TP strains circulating in three African NHP species all cluster with human TPE strains and show the same genomic structure as human TPE strains. These data indicate that humans are not the exclusive host for the yaws bacterium and that a One Health approach is required to achieve sustainable eradication of human yaws.

Lifeline Express: Hospital Train in Rural India

2021 ◽  
pp. 251660422197724
Author(s):  
Jashim Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Saima Siddiqui ◽  
Asma Ahmed ◽  
Kazi Pushpita Mim
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Medical Service ◽  
Service Industry ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Medical Team ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
The People ◽  
Medical Facilities

India’s medical service industry is an emerging force in Southeast Asia, which should be recognized. A large portion of the country’s GDP is being earned through this sector. Paradoxically, India’s rural sphere has always been highly deprived of medical facilities even in rudimentary level. This huge imbalance was previously an issue for India to reach to a footing through innovation. India still being a developing country has majority of people living in rural areas where quality healthcare is not only difficult to avail but sometimes even hard to access. In such circumstances, an initiative like Lifeline Express (LLE) has provided the people with access to quality healthcare which has been crucially needed. It is a very simple idea but incredibly complex in terms of execution throughout the whole region. The LLE is a hospital which moves throughout rural India in a form of a fully equipped train. Since 1991, this initiative in India has generated some commendable projects through which it has served many rural Indians. Through this case, it will be comprehensible of how the train and the medical team function and will show the limitations and challenges healthcare in India is facing and how LLE has proved its fantastic ability to fight with the constraints and make healthcare reach the doorsteps of the rural people. Despite the challenges and limitations, it is also been revealed how the journey of LLE has grown from a three-coach train to seven-coach train where patients get treatment of many diseases from the early 1990s to this day.

scholarly journals Lifeline Express: Hospital Train in Rural India

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Jashim Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Saima Siddiqui ◽  
Asma Ahmed ◽  
Kazi Pushpita Mim
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Medical Service ◽  
Service Industry ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Medical Team ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
The People ◽  
Medical Facilities

India’s medical service industry is an emerging force in Southeast Asia, which should be recognized. A large portion of the country’s GDP is being earned through this sector. Paradoxically, India’s rural sphere has always been highly deprived of medical facilities even in rudimentary level. This huge imbalance was previously an issue for India to reach to a footing through innovation. India still being a developing country has majority of people living in rural areas where quality healthcare is not only difficult to avail but sometimes even hard to access. In such circumstances, an initiative like Lifeline Express (LLE) has provided the people with access to quality healthcare which has been crucially needed. It is a very simple idea but incredibly complex in terms of execution throughout the whole region. The LLE is a hospital which moves throughout rural India in a form of a fully equipped train. Since 1991, this initiative in India has generated some commendable projects through which it has served many rural Indians. Through this case, it will be comprehensible of how the train and the medical team function and will show the limitations and challenges healthcare in India is facing and how LLE has proved its fantastic ability to fight with the constraints and make healthcare reach the doorsteps of the rural people. Despite the challenges and limitations, it is also been revealed how the journey of LLE has grown from a three-coach train to seven-coach train where patients get treatment of many diseases from the early 1990s to this day.

Rattus exulans (Pacific rat).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Shiels
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
Pacific Basin ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ground Nesting ◽  
The Tropical Pacific

Abstract The Pacific rat, R. exulans, is an major agricultural and environmental pest in parts of Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Thought to have spread with Polynesian colonists over the past several thousand years, it is now found through much of the Pacific basin, and is extensively distributed in the tropical Pacific. It poses a significant threat to indigenous wildlife, particularly ground-nesting birds, and has been linked to the extinction of several bird species. R. exulans may also transmit diseases to humans.

scholarly journals Using Joinpoint Regression for the Analysis of Trends in Syphilis Incidence in Poland in the Years 1950–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
Marcin Milewski ◽  
Rafał Milewski ◽  
Gabriela Sokołowska ◽  
Anna Justyna Milewska
Keyword(s):  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Joinpoint Regression ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Splitting Time

Abstract Syphilis is a bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD), whose main route of infection is through sexual contact. In order to diagnose syphilis, Treponema pallidum must be detected in the material sampled from a lesion and a blood test must be performed in order to detect serological response to syphilis. Since 1946, a statutory obligation to report all cases of syphilis has been in force in Poland, which is why data concerning the incidence is available. The aim of this paper is to analyse trends in syphilis incidence in the years 1950–2017 using Joinpoint Regression and to present the impact of prophylaxis and education of society on syphilis prevention. The Joinpoint Regression method indicated the splitting time points of the trend corresponding to real changes in incidence, which corroborates the purpose of using the method in question in epidemiological studies.

scholarly journals Postcolonial Literature and World Englishes: A Corpus-Based Approach of Modes of Representation of the Non-Standard in Writing

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Percillier ◽  
Catherine Paulin
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Postcolonial Literature ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Modes Of Representation ◽  
Linguistic Means

The present study investigates the representation of non-standardised varieties of English in literary prose texts. This is achieved by creating and annotating a corpus of literary texts from Scotland, West Africa, and Southeast Asia. The analysis addresses two major topics. Firstly, the extent of representation reveals clearly distinct feature profiles across regions, coupled with varying feature densities. Feature profiles are also relevant to individual characters, as certain traits such as social status, ethnicity, or age can be signalled by linguistic means. The second topic, accuracy of representation, compares the features observed in literary texts with descriptions of the actual varieties, and suggests that representations of varieties may differ from their real-life models in the sense that highly frequent features may be absent from texts, while less frequent but more emblematic ones, or even invented ones, may be used by authors to render a variety of English in their texts.

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