Renal medicine

2021 ◽  
pp. 353-382
Author(s):  
Gopesh K. Modi ◽  
Vivekanand Jha
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Stones ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Acute Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Glomerular Diseases ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

Assessing renal function, Urinalysis, Proteinuria, Hematuria, Chyluria, Imaging in renal disease, Kidney biopsy, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Diabetic Nephropathy, End Stage Renal Disease and Dialysis, Kidney Transplantation, Glomerular diseases, Acute glomerulonephritis, Urinary schistosomiasis (bilharzia), Infections and Kidney Disease, Rapidly Progressive glomerulonephritis, Tubulointerstitial Disease, Urinary Tract Infection, Vesico-ureteric reflux, Renal Stones, Renal Disease in Pregnancy, Renal Artery Stenosis, Renal Mass, Inherited Renal Diseases

Causes of Increased Renal Echogenicity in Pediatric Patients

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-846
Author(s):  
Alan M. Krensky ◽  
Joseph M. Reddish ◽  
Rita Littlewood Teele
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage Renal Disease ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Polycystic Kidney ◽  
Renal Size ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Echogenic Kidneys

Review of 2,700 abdominal ultrasonic examinations revealed 56 patients whose kidneys showed increased echogenicity. Echogenic kidneys were associated with medical renal disease in 94% of cases (30% glomerular, 48% tubulointerstitial, 16% end-stage) and with no detectable renal disease in 6% (three patients). Patterns of increased echogenicity and renal size were evaluated. Specific patterns occurred in end-stage renal disease and polycystic kidney disease. Other medical renal diseases had overlapping ultrasonographic features. Some generalizations could be made although increased echogenicity was often nonspecific.

scholarly journals Microvascular rarefaction and hypertension in the impaired recovery and progression of kidney disease following AKI in preexisting CKD states

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (6) ◽  
pp. F1513-F1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Polichnowski
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Progression Of Kidney Disease ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Progression Of Renal Disease ◽  
Microvascular Rarefaction

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major complication in hospitalized patients and is associated with elevated mortality rates. Numerous recent studies indicate that AKI also significantly increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in those patients who survive AKI. Moreover, the risk of ESRD and mortality after AKI is substantially higher in patients with preexisting CKD. However, the underlying mechanisms by which AKI and CKD interact to promote ESRD remain poorly understood. The recently developed models that superimpose AKI on rodents with preexisting CKD have provided new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms mediating the deleterious interactions between AKI and CKD. These studies show that preexisting CKD impairs recovery from AKI and promotes the development of mechanisms of CKD progression. Specifically, preexisting CKD exacerbates microvascular rarefaction, failed tubular redifferentiation, disruption of cell cycle regulation, hypertension, and proteinuria after AKI. The purpose of this review is to discuss the potential mechanisms by which microvascular rarefaction and hypertension contribute to impaired recovery from AKI and the subsequent progression of renal disease in preexisting CKD states.

scholarly journals Prevalence of primary renal diseases among patients on maintenance haemodialysis: a hospital based study

KYAMC Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-186
Author(s):  
ST Ahmed ◽  
MA Rahim ◽  
Z Ali ◽  
MM Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage Renal Disease ◽  
Cystic Kidney Disease ◽  
Cystic Kidney ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Socioeconomic Condition ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is the third most common non-communicable disease throughout the world. Studies have shown that kidney patients suffer much from hypertension, diabetes than glomerulonephritis. Many of these CKD patients ultimately terminate to End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) when life is not sustainable unless hemodialysis is initiated. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify primary renal disease leading to ESRD requiring hemodialysis and associated co-morbidities. Material and methods: Data was collected purposively from selected six hemodialysis centers. Patients were selected purposively who were available at the time of interview. Data was collected on working days at three shifts After taking informed consent from patients the pre-tested questionnaire was filled up by taking general history, family history, socioeconomic condition, drug history and available records were reviewed for collecting previous biochemical parameters. All entered data were analyzed by using SPSS program version 13.0. Result: Among total 393 subjects, male was 247(63%) and female 146 (37%). Majority were middle aged. Glomerulonephritis were found to be the leading cause of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) (50.4%), followed by diabetes in 31.1%, Poly Cystic Kidney Disease (PKD) 5.3%, Renal Stone in 3.7% and rest other. Among the study population hypertension was the most common co morbidity disease (63%) followed by ischemic heart disease and Cerebrovascular accidents. Conclusion: Glomerulonephritis was found to be the leading cause of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and diabetic nephropathy was the second common cause. Hypertension was the most common associated co morbid disease. To evaluate the actual disease pattern a large scale study is required to find the outcome of haemodialysis patients.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v2i2.13262KYAMC Journal Vol.2(2) January 2012, 182-186

Epidemiology and Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury According to Pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Renal Disease and Kidney Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. e229-e238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila C. Volpon ◽  
Edward K. Sugo ◽  
Julio C. Consulin ◽  
Tabata L. G. Tavares ◽  
Davi C. Aragon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage Renal Disease ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF CAPD AS RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN CHILDREN

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Risky Vitria Prasetyo ◽  
Noershanti Ramadhani ◽  
Ninik Asmaningsih Soemyarso ◽  
Mohammad Sjaifullah Noer
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Chronic Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Lost To Follow Up

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of pediatric patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) performed by experienced pediatric urologists. Material & Method: A retrospective study of children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) by peritoneal dialysis (PD) in Division of Nephrology Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine Airlangga University, Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, from January 2003 to February 2012 was conducted. Children with acute kidney injury treated by PD were excluded.Data reviewed were age, sex, primary renal disease, age at start of CAPD, duration of CAPD, outcome and cause of death. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.Results: Twenty seven cases of children with CAPD within 9-year period were included. Most patients were 11-15 years old with 62,9% being male. Chronic glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome were the main primary renal diseases. Fifteen (55,6%) patients had peritonitis. The longest duration on CAPD was 53 months. Outcome of 27 children was as follows, 11 patients died (40,8%), 8 patients survived (29,6%), and another 8 were lost to follow-up (29,6%). All (100%) patients had cardiovascular abnormalities as cause of death. Conclusion: The outcome and mortality rate of children with CAPD remain unfavourable. This is a challenge still to be overcomed. Keywords: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, children, outcome.   

scholarly journals Investigation of the Impact of Endodontic Therapy on Survival among Dialysis Patients in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Chih-Chien Chiu ◽  
Ya-Chieh Chang ◽  
Ren-Yeong Huang ◽  
Jenq-Shyong Chan ◽  
Chi-Hsiang Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage Renal Disease ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Root Canal Therapy ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

Objectives Dental problems occur widely in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may increase comorbidities. Root canal therapy (RCT) is a common procedure for advanced decayed caries with pulp inflammation and root canals. However, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients are considered to have a higher risk of potentially life-threatening infections after treatment and might fail to receive satisfactory dental care such as RCT. We investigated whether appropriate intervention for dental problems had a potential impact among dialysis patients. Design Men and women who began maintenance dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2015, in Taiwan (total 12,454 patients) were enrolled in this study. Participants were followed up from the first reported dialysis date to the date of death or end of dialysis by December 31, 2015. Setting Data collection was conducted in Taiwan. Results A total of 2633 and 9821 patients were classified into the RCT and non-RCT groups, respectively. From the data of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance, a total of 5,092,734 teeth received RCT from 2000 to 2015. Then, a total of 12,454 patients were followed within the 16 years, and 4030 patients passed away. The results showed that members of the non-RCT group (34.93%) had a higher mortality rate than those of the RCT group (22.79%; p = 0.001). The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio for the risk of death was 0.69 (RCT vs. non-RCT; p = 0.001). Conclusions This study suggested that patients who had received RCT had a relatively lower risk of death among dialysis patients. Infectious diseases had a significant role in mortality among dialysis patients with non-RCT. Appropriate interventions for dental problems may increase survival among dialysis patients. Abbreviations: CKD = chronic kidney disease, ESRD = end-stage renal disease, RCT = root canal therapy.

scholarly journals The Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy Is an Independent Factor for the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Shi-Chue Hsing ◽  
Chia-Cheng Lee ◽  
Chin Lin ◽  
Jiann-Torng Chen ◽  
Yi-Hao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Renal Disease Progression ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

(1) Background: It has rarely been studied whether the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) could influence renal disease progression in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate renal disease progression in ESRD and CKD according to DR severity in patients with type 2 diabetes. (2) Methods: We included 1329 patients and divided the cohort into two end-points. The first was to trace the incidence of ESRD in all enrolled participants and the other was to follow their progression to CKD. (3) Results: Significantly higher crude hazard ratios (HRs) of ESRD incidence in all enrolled participants were noted, and this ratio increased in a stepwise fashion. However, after adjustment, DR severity was not associated with ESRD events. Therefore, a subgroup of 841 patients without CKD was enrolled to track their progression to CKD. Compared with no diabetic retinopathy, the progression of CKD increased in a stepwise fashion, from mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) to moderate NPDR, to severe NPDR and to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), both in the crude and adjusted models. (4) Conclusions: The severity of retinopathy appeared to be associated with renal lesions and the development of CKD. Our findings suggest that the severity of DR is a risk factor for progression to CKD. Therefore, diabetic retinopathy is useful for prognosticating the clinical course of diabetic kidney disease.

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