PROSTATE-SPECIFIC MEMBRANE ANTIGEN (PSMA) AS DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKER IN PROSTATE CANCER

Objective: This study aimed to compare PSMA expression in both prostate cancer and benign prostate disease. Material & Methods: PSMA antigen expression was examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), twenty samples from each prostate cancer and benign prostate group were examined at the Department of Pathology Anatomy, Sardjito General Hospital. The data was analyzed using version 21 of SPSS. Results: The mean PSMA gene expression in benign groups was 13.49 [95% CI: 11.27 – 15.72] and the mean PSMA gene expression in the malignant group was: 25.14 [95% CI: 20.95-29.33], the p-value was <0.01. Using an independent T-test analysis, we found that the increase in PSMA gene expression in the prostate cancer group was statistically significant. Conclusion: The expression of the PSMA gene was correlated with prostate cancer. Increased PSMA gene expression in prostate tissue could be used as a biomarker to diagnose prostate cancer.

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS PROFILE OF BLADDER DISEASES IN DR. SOETOMO GENERAL ACADEMIC HOSPITAL FROM JANUARY 2015 TO DECEMBER 2019

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the profile of bladder disease in Soetomo General Hospital based on histopathological examination. Material & Methods: This study was using secondary data. Histopathological examination data of patients with bladder disease were evaluated based on age, gender, and histopathological types. Results: There were 419 patients with bladder abnormalities. Non-neoplasm bladder diseases were found in 62 patients consisted of 56 patients (90.32%) with cystitis and 6 patients (9.67%) with glandular cystitis. Neoplastic bladder diseases were found in 357 patients and were divided into benign and malignant neoplasm. Benign neoplasms were found in 11 patients consisted of 5 patients (45.45%) with UP and 6 patients (54.54%) with IUP. Malignant neoplasms were found in 340 patients consisted of 300 patients (88.23%) with urothelial carcinoma, 26 patients (7.64%) with adenocarcinoma, 14 patients (4.12%) with SCC. Moreover, six male patients with PUNLMP were also reported. Conclusion: Histopathological examination in patients with bladder abnormalities shows that neoplastic bladder diseases (357/419, 85.20%) were more common than non-neoplastic bladder disease (62/419, 14.80%).

FIVE YEARS SURVIVAL AND QUALITY OF LIFE AFTER RADICAL NEPHRECTOMY: A DESCRIPTIVE SINGLE CENTER STUDY

Objective: This study aims to evaluate five years of survival rate, and quality of life of the patient after radical nephrectomy in our center. Material & Methods: This descriptive longitudinal study included thirty patients who were diagnosed as having renal mass in the Urology division H. Adam Malik General Hospital between January 2014 and December 2015. All patients were completely followed-up for 5 years or the patient died during the observation. We used a translated and validated Indonesian written European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Version 3.0 (EORTC QLQ-C30) questionnaire to assess the patient’s quality of life. Results: Overall 5-years survival of kidney tumor patients was 100%, 66.67%, 50%, 8.33%, respectively for stage 1 to 4. We found a sharp decrease in the cumulative survival rate of stage IV group in the first 24 months compared to the first 12 months, from 66.67% to 25%. This pattern of decrease was not found in the other group of stage. Overall, the quality of life of patients has increased in the first three years postoperatively and decreased in the two years afterward. These fluctuations consistently occur in all groups. All of the groups had reached the maximum quality of life at the third year postoperatively. Conclusion: Stage I renal cell carcinoma patient shown the best five-years survival rate and quality of life among others. The quality of life for all groups inclined for the first three years after surgery and decline consistently afterward. These findings are in accordance with many studies that have been published previously.

USAGE OF SUPPORTING PAD FOR SUPINE PCNL: A SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE

Objective: This study aims to compare the safety, efficacy, and other surgical outcomes of supine PCNLs performed with and without the use of supporting pad. Material & Methods: We enrolled 27 patients who undergone PCNL procedure with supine position for renal stones with all sizes between January - December 2019. Divided into two groups, operated with and without supporting pad, with 13 and 14 patients respectively. Inclusion criteria are patients with renal stones, including staghorn, multiple calyx, and proximal ureteral stones. Meanwhile, pediatric patients under 12 years old, uncorrectable bleeding disorders, active urinary infection, and pregnancy are excluded. Results: Our observation showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups, although blood loss and length of stay in supporting pad showed better results. A statistically significant difference was found in stone-free-rate (P = 0.006) favoring in supine PCNL with supporting pad. Conclusion: Supine PCNL with support padding may be a safe and more effective choice to treat renal stones. Nevertheless, the patient’s anatomic variations may influence this. Thus, a prospective study with a larger population is needed to verify our outcomes.

MATURE TESTICULAR TERATOMA IN PEDIATRIC PATIENT: A CASE REPORT

Objective: To report our experience on management of testicular teratoma in pediatric patient. Case(s) presentation: A 2-years-old boy presented with progressive mass in his left testis. The mass was found 3 months ago but became larger in a few days. The patient had no other genitourinary complaint. Vital signs were within normal limits. A hard and tender mass in the left scrotum sized 5x4x2.5 cm was palpated from the physical examination. An imaging study with Computed Tomography (CT) Scan revealed an enhancement in the left scrotum mass area. There was no ring enhancement in pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes. The laboratory examination within normal limit. Inguinal radical orchiectomy was performed, and histopathological examination revealed a mature testicular teratoma of the left testis. Discussion: Testicular teratoma in children is usually benign. Testicular germ cell tumors generally have a good prognosis with current therapy. Post-orchiectomy management depends on the histology type, staging, and tumor markers. Conclusion: Testicular teratoma is a rare case and can cause minimal symptoms until it grows significantly. Testicular teratoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of non-traumatic painless progressive scrotal mass. Inguinal radical orchiectomy may be considered as the primary management.

USAGE OF PARAMEDIAN APPROACH FOR CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS CATHETER INSERTION TECHNIQUE AND COMPLICATION

Objective: This study aims to review the usage and complication of paramedian approach for CAPD catheter insertion. Material & Methods: This is a retrospective study. All ESRD patients ongoing CAPD at the Dialysis Clinic of Zainoel Abidin General Hospital in Aceh, Indonesia between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2018 were included in the present study. Complication outcomes included mechanical and infectious complications are documented and reviewed. Results: A total of 190 ESRD patients had been performed CAPD catheter insertion using paramedian approach in this period. Out of these patients, complication occurred in 31 cases (16.32%). All the complication that occurred in this study are 5 cases of leakage (2.63%), 9 cases of infection (4.74%), 8 cases of drainage problem (4.21%), 9 cases of malposition (4.74%), and no case of bowel perforation. From total of 9 cases of infections, 1 patient had peritonitis from the catheter insertion. The other infection was exit site infection. Conclusion: CAPD catheter insertion using paramedian approach is safe with low complication rates. It could decrease post-operative complications and can be recommended for CAPD catheter insertion technique due to its safety.

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ERYTHROCYTE INDICES AND STAGES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Objective: To obtain the association between the erythrocyte indices and the stages of CKD. Material & Methods: This is a systematic review study conducted by searching for articles through PubMed, Proquest, and Google Scholar. Publication year are from 2010 to 2020. Results: There are 10 articles analyzed. There were 3 articles that showed a significant association and 2 articles that showed no significant association between erythrocyte indices and stages of CKD. Other article that used anemia morphology to represent the erythrocyte indices showed the normocytic normochromic as the largest percentage. 4 out of 5 articles with CKD patients who were known to be undergoing hemodialysis showed a significant difference in erythrocyte indices. Conclusion: There is association between the erythrocyte indices and stages of CKD.

PERCUTANEOUS CYSTOLITHOLAPAXY AS AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH FOR GIANT BLADDER STONES: A CASE SERIES OF PATIENTS WITH SIGNIFICANT COMORBIDITIES

Objective: We reported two giant bladder stones cases, with significant comorbidities and mentally impaired patients, treated with PCCL. Case(s) Presentation: We report two cases of giant cystolithiasis (sized 8.8 cm x 7.2 cm and 7.0 cm x 5.8 cm) in male patients with impaired renal functions and mental illness. We performed PCCL on both patients with cystoscopy-guided bladder puncture and dilation, under spinal anesthesia. Stone fragmentation through transurethral (pneumatic) and percutaneous (suprapubic amplatz ultrasound) lithotriptors was performed simultaneously. Discussion: Stone fragments were evacuated through the nephroscope. These fluoroscopy-free procedures were performed under one hour. The patients were discharged on day three post-operatively without indwelling catheter. Conclusion: We performed PCCL with simultaneous transurethral fragmentation in giant bladder stone cases presenting with impaired renal functions and mental illness. We faced no significant post-operative issue. This technique, or its modified approach, is safe and applicable

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY TESTS FOR ADMINISTRATION OF KIDNEY DISEASE QUALITY OF LIFE-SHORT FORM IN INDONESIAN VERSION

Objective: This study aims to adapt the KDQOL-SF questionnaire into Indonesian and to evaluate the reliability and validity of the questionnaire in healthy subjects in Indonesia. Material & Methods: Previously translated (into Indonesian) KDQOL-SF questionnaire was given to 33 healthy subjects at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital. Respondents were over 18 years old and were able to speak Indonesian orally and in written form. Reliability was measured using Alpha Cronbach’s intraclass correlation coefficient and internal consistency reliability. Validity was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation test. Results: Out of 33 respondents, the majority of subjects were male (81%) with mean age 47.4 ± 13.7 years old. The highest score was in social support aspects with mean score 99.48 ± 2.95, while the lowest score was vitality aspect with mean score 63.28 ± 11.61. Alpha Cronbach’s score was between 0.580-0.999 and Pearson’s correlation coefficient between 0.405-0.976 with P < 0.05. Conclusion: KDQOL-SF questionnaire, which was translated into Indonesian, was valid and reliable to be used in evaluating patients’ quality of before kidney transplantation in Indonesia

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW: THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN URINE LEUKOCYTES AND THE TYPES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION

Objective: This study aimed to determine the functional role of the urine leukocyte count on type of UTI. Material & Methods: This is a systematic review study with searches for articles from 2010-2020 through the PubMed, ProQuest, and EBSCO databases. The exclusion criteria in this study are patients using catheters (CAUTI), UTI patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and pediatric or infant patients. There were 1158 studies found and 3 studies synthesized. Results: There are 1130 patients studied. Age range from 18 to 89.1 years. Three studies showed that there was an association between the number of urinary leukocytes and the type of UTI (Tommaso Cai et al., p < 0.0001; and Alexander R. Levine et al., p < 0.001) and one study had no relationship. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the number of urinary leukocytes with the type of UTI. An increase in the number of urinary leukocytes above the normal limit is the sign of body’s immune response to eliminate uropathogens. The innate immune characteristic factors and the body’s immune response have an important role in causing symptoms in UTI patients.