Special pathogens

2019 ◽  
pp. 338-427
Author(s):  
Nizam Damani
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Prion Diseases ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Meningococcal Infections ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Jakob Disease ◽  
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
And Control

This section includes infection prevention and control (IPC) measures require for bloodborne viral infections, i.e. hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV infection, gastrointestinal infections, i.e. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea, norovirus, and rotavirus, microorganisms spread via respiratory route, e.g. tuberculosis, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronavirus (SARS and MERS-CoV), and Legionnaires’ disease. Separate parts deal with other common infections, e.g. varicella zoster virus (VZV), meningococcal infections, viral haemorrhagic fevers e.g. Lassa, Ebola, Marburg and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and human prion diseases, e.g. Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD). It also includes IPC advice on the management of scabies and infestation with lice and fleas.

Clinical use of Antiviral Drugs

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milap C. Nahata
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Investigational Drug ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Herpes Encephalitis ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Remarkable progress has been made in antiviral chemotherapy. Six approved antiviral drugs are now available for the treatment of various viral infections. Trifluridine, idoxuridine and vidarabine are all effective in patients with herpes keratitis; trifluridine is preferred due to its low toxicity. Acyclovir is the drug of choice in patients with infections due to herpes simplex viruses, including genital herpes, herpes encephalitis, and neonatal herpes, and infections due to varicella-zoster virus. Amantadine is the only drug currently available for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A, but an investigational drug, rimantadine, appears to be equally effective and less toxic than amantadine. Ribavirin is the most recently approved antiviral agent for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Numerous antiviral drugs are being studied in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Although currently available drugs have improved our ability to manage a variety of viral illnesses, much needs to be learned about specific dosage guidelines based on the studies of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, potential adverse effects and viral resistance, and the role of combination therapy to optimize therapy.

Recognition and management of COVID-19 and other influenza-like illnesses: a guide for paramedics

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sammer Tang ◽  
Sian Cowell
Keyword(s):  
Social Contact ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

During the pandemic last year, the incidence of influenza-like illnesses (ILIs) was significantly lower, as preventive measures aimed to reduce the spread of COVID-19, were also successful in preventing the spread of other respiratory illnesses. With relaxed COVID-19 measures and the return of social contact and mixing, a significant increase in ILIs is anticipated this winter. Common causative pathogens for ILIs include influenza viruses, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus and SARS-CoV-2. With similar characteristics and mode of transmissions, it may be difficult to distinguish between these common respiratory pathogens. Fortunately, the majority of ILIs are self-limiting and treatments for these illnesses are similar: supportive treatment to relieve symptoms while awaiting recovery. Paramedics should be aware of the warning signs of serious diseases and consider admission if they occur. Finally, good infection prevention and control measures are vital to break the chain of transmission of ILIs and protect yourselves and others from them.

Nosocomial Viral Infections: II. Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Respiratory Viruses, Herpesviruses, and Hepatitis Viruses

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Valenti ◽  
Robert F. Betts ◽  
Caroline Breese Hall ◽  
Jerome F. Hruska ◽  
R. Gordon Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Memorial Hospital ◽  
Hepatitis Viruses ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
And Control

AbstractThis article reviews the most likely mechanisms of transmission of the commonly encountered respiratory viruses (influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, rhinovirus), herpesviruses, and hepatitis viruses, and presents the guidelines used currently for prevention and control that are in use at Strong Memorial Hospital.

scholarly journals Enhancing Preparedness for Arbovirus Infections with a One Health Approach: The Development and Implementation of Multisectoral Risk Assessment Exercises

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Maria Grazia Dente ◽  
Flavia Riccardo ◽  
Wim Van Bortel ◽  
Laurence Marrama ◽  
Thomas Mollet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
One Health ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Medical Entomology ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
And Control

Background. One Health is receiving attention for arbovirus infection prevention and control and for defining national “intersectoral” priorities. Increasing awareness of intersectoral priorities through multisectorial risk assessments (MRA) is promising, where data are not systematically shared between sectors. Towards this aim, the MediLabSecure project organized three MRA exercises (hereby called exercises): one on West Nile virus, one on Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever, and one on Rift Valley fever, assessing the added value of this approach. Methods. The exercises relied on RA methodologies of international organisations. Country representatives of the human and animal virology, medical entomology, and public health sectors (hereby called “sectors”) involved in the surveillance of vector-borne diseases participated in the exercises. Background documentation was provided before each exercise, and a guide was developed for the facilitators. All three exercises included technical and methodological presentations and a guided RA directed at bringing into play the different sectors involved. To assess the added value of the approach, each participant was asked to rank the level of perceived benefit of the multisectoral collaboration for each “risk question” included in the exercises. Results. In total, 195 participants from 19 non-EU countries in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions took part in the exercises. The participants assessed the multisectoral approach as valuable in analysing comprehensively the situation by having access to information and knowledge provided by each of the sectors involved. Sharing of information and discussion facilitated reaching a consensus on the level of risk in each country. Conclusions. Increasing awareness of intersectoral priorities, including cross-border ones, through MRA is relevant to reduce gaps due to unavailability of shared data and information. Given that six out of the ten threats to global health listed by WHO are occurring at the human-animal-environmental interfaces, comprehensive regional RA with a One Health approach made by national authorities can be a relevant added value for the global health security.

Nosocomial Viral Infections: III. Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Exanthematous Viruses, Gastroenteritis Viruses, Picornaviruses, and Uncommonly Seen Viruses

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Valenti ◽  
Jerome F. Hruska ◽  
Marilyn A. Menegus ◽  
Mary Jane Freeburn
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Lassa Fever ◽  
Memorial Hospital ◽  
The Third ◽  
Jakob Disease ◽  
And Control

AbstractThis communication is the third in a four-part series on nosocomial viral infections from the Strong Memorial Hospital. This third article discusses guidelines for prevention and control of exanthematous viruses, gastroenteritis viruses, adenoviruses and the picornaviruses other than rhinoviruses. Several uncommonly seen viruses, such as the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Marburg, Ebola, and Lassa fever viruses, also are reviewed briefly.

Role of Rasayana in Prevention of COVID-19 - A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 716-722
Author(s):  
Sneha Dhakite ◽  
Sadhana Misar Wajpeyi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Healthy Life Style ◽  
And Control

The “Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)” is caused by “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)”, a newly discovered member of the Coronaviridae family of viruses which is a highly communicable. There is no effective medical treatment till date for Coronavirus disease hence prevention is the best way to keep disease away. Rasayana proved to be highly efficacious and cost effective for the Prevention and Control of viral infections when vaccines and standard therapies are lacking. Rasayana Chikitsa is one of the eight branches of Ashtanga Ayurveda which helps to maintain healthy life style. Rasayana improves immunity and performs many vital functions of human body. Vyadhikshamatva that is immune mechanism of the body is involved in Prevention of the occurrence of a new disease and it also decreases the virulence and progression of an existing disease. In COVID-19 the Respiratory system mainly get affected which is evident from its symptoms like cold, cough and breathlessness. Here the drugs help in enhancing immune system and strengthening functions of Respiratory system can be useful. For this purpose, the Rasayana like Chyavanprasha, Agastya Haritaki, Pippali Rasayana, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu, Haridra, Ashwagandha, Tulsi are used. Rasayana working on Respiratory system are best for Prevention of Coronavirus and boosting immune system. Rasayana Chikitsa can be effective in the Prevention as well as reducing symptoms of COVID-19.

Effective infection prevention and control strategies in a large accredited psychiatric facility in Singapore

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Poremski ◽  
Sandra Henrietta Subner ◽  
Grace Lam Fong Kin ◽  
Raveen Dev Ram Dev ◽  
Mok Yee Ming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Psychiatric Facility ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
And Control

The Institute of Mental Health in Singapore continues to attempt to prevent the introduction of COVID-19, despite community transmission. Essential services are maintained and quarantine measures are currently unnecessary. To help similar organizations, strategies are listed along three themes: sustaining essential services, preventing infection, and managing human and consumable resources.

Barriers to infection prevention and control practice among Amhara region teaching hospitals in Ethiopia: Qualitative study

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walelegn Worku Yallew ◽  
Abera Kumie ◽  
Feleke Moges Yehuala
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Worker ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Amhara Region ◽  
Implementation Barriers ◽  
Control Practice ◽  
And Control

Healthcare workers have good perception towards infection prevention, but there has been a poor practice towards it. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore barriers to practice of infection prevention and control practice in teaching hospitals in Amhara region. A phenomenological approach used to explore the lived experience of healthcare workers and management staffs towards infection prevention practice and control. The data was collected from ten in-depth interviews and 23 focus group discussion participants, by face to face interview using open ended interview performed in safe and quiet places. Data was managed using OpenCode software version 4.03 and contents were analyzed thematically. Totally ten different barriers were identified, such as availability of facilities, shortage of material supply, lack of maintenance of facilities and equipment, high patient flow, experience, emergency situation, healthcare worker behaviour and healthcare worker’s information about infection prevention, low awareness of patients and visitors and overflow of families and visitors to the hospital. For effective infection prevention practice implementation, barriers should be considered via identifying specific organizational, healthcare worker, patients and visitors as targets.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document