Enterovirus infections

2010 ◽  
pp. 527-536
Author(s):  
Philip Minor ◽  
Ulrich Desselberger
Keyword(s):  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Human Enterovirus ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Sequence Comparisons ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Coxsackie B Viruses ◽  
Coxsackie B

Enteroviruses are single-stranded, positive sense RNA viruses comprising poliomyelitis viruses (3 types), Coxsackie A viruses (23 types), Coxsackie B viruses (6 types), and echoviruses (33 types). They have recently been reclassified into 4 human enterovirus species (A–D) on the basis of sequence comparisons. Transmission is by the faeco-oral route, with marked seasonal peaks of infection in areas of temperate climate, but infections occurring all year round in tropical regions....

Enterovirus infections

2020 ◽  
pp. 787-797
Author(s):  
Philip Minor ◽  
Ulrich Desselberger
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Human Enterovirus ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Sequence Comparisons ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Coxsackie B Viruses

Enteroviruses are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses comprising poliomyelitis viruses (3 types), coxsackie A viruses (23 types), coxsackie B viruses (6 types), and echoviruses (33 types). They have recently been reclassified into four human enterovirus species (A–D) on the basis of sequence comparisons. Transmission is by the faeco-oral route, with marked seasonal peaks of infection in areas of temperate climate, but infections occurring all year round in tropical regions. Following transmission, enteroviruses undergo a first round of replication in cells of the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract and in gut-associated lymphoid cells, followed by viraemia, which leads to infection of distant organs (brain, spinal cord, meninges, myocardium, muscle, skin, and so on), where lesions might be produced. Shedding of virus occurs from throat and faeces for many weeks.

scholarly journals RNA Recombination Plays a Major Role in Genomic Change during Circulation of Coxsackie B Viruses

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 2948-2955 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Steven Oberste ◽  
Silvia Peñaranda ◽  
Mark A. Pallansch
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Human Enterovirus ◽  
Rna Recombination ◽  
Genomic Change ◽  
Genome Region ◽  
Nontranslated Region ◽  
Frequent Event ◽  
Coxsackie B Viruses ◽  
Coxsackie B

ABSTRACT RNA recombination has been shown to occur during circulation of enteroviruses, but most studies have focused on poliovirus. To examine the role of recombination in the evolution of the coxsackie B viruses (CVB), we determined the partial sequences of four genomic intervals for multiple clinical isolates of each of the six CVB serotypes isolated from 1970 to 1996. The regions sequenced were the 5′-nontranslated region (5′-NTR) (350 nucleotides [nt]), capsid (VP4-VP2, 416 nt, and VP1, ∼320 nt), and polymerase (3D, 491 nt). Phylogenetic trees were constructed for each genome region, using the clinical isolate sequences and those of the prototype strains of all 65 enterovirus serotypes. The partial VP1 sequences of each CVB serotype were monophyletic with respect to serotype, as were the VP4-VP2 sequences, in agreement with previously published studies. In some cases, however, incongruent tree topologies suggested that intraserotypic recombination had occurred between the sequenced portions of VP2 and VP1. Outside the capsid region, however, isolates of the same serotype were not monophyletic, indicating that recombination had occurred between the 5′-NTR and capsid, the capsid and 3D, or both. Almost all clinical isolates were recombinant relative to the prototype strain of the same serotype. All of the recombination partners appear to be members of human enterovirus species B. These results suggest that recombination is a frequent event during enterovirus evolution but that there are genetic restrictions that may influence recombinational compatibility.

DDX3 inhibitors show antiviral activity against positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses but not against negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: The coxsackie B model

2020 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 104750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Quaranta ◽  
Giulia Lottini ◽  
Giulia Chesi ◽  
Flavia Contrafatto ◽  
Roberta Russotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Negative Sense ◽  
Coxsackie B

scholarly journals Molecular Phylogeny and Proposed Classification of the Simian Picornaviruses

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 1244-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Steven Oberste ◽  
Kaija Maher ◽  
Mark A. Pallansch
Keyword(s):  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Amino Acid Identity ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Human Enterovirus ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
True Number ◽  
Coxsackievirus A9 ◽  
Coxsackie B Viruses ◽  
Coxsackie B

ABSTRACT The simian picornaviruses were isolated from various primate tissues during the development of general tissue culture methods in the 1950s to 1970s or from specimens derived from primates used in biomedical research. Twenty simian picornavirus serotypes are recognized, and all are presently classified within the Enterovirus genus. To determine the phylogenetic relationships among all of the simian picornaviruses and to evaluate their classification, we have determined complete VP1 sequences for 19 of the 20 serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that A13, SV19, SV26, SV35, SV43, and SV46 are members of human enterovirus species A, a group that contains enterovirus 71 and 11 of the coxsackie A viruses. SA5 is a member of human enterovirus species B, which contains the echoviruses, coxsackie B viruses, coxsackievirus A9, and enterovirus 69. SV6, N125, and N203 are related to one another and, more distantly, to species A human enteroviruses, but could not be definitely assigned to a species. SV4 and SV28 are closely related to one another and to A-2 plaque virus, but distinct from other enteroviruses, suggesting that these simian viruses are members of a new enterovirus species. SV2, SV16, SV18, SV42, SV44, SV45, and SV49 are related to one another but distinct from viruses in all other picornavirus genera, suggesting that they may comprise a previously unknown genus in Picornaviridae. Several simian virus VP1 sequences (N125 and N203; SV4 and SV28; SV19, SV26, and SV35; SV18 and SV44; SV16, SV42, and SV45) are greater than 75% identical to one another (and/or greater than 85% amino acid identity), suggesting that the true number of distinct serotypes among the viruses surveyed is less than 20.

COVID 19, All a Radiologist Needs to Know: A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzaneh Shobeirian
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
The World ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Interlobular Septal Thickening ◽  
Radiologic Characteristics

Background: Coronaviruses are non-segmented enveloped positive-sense single-strand RNA viruses, and COVID-19 is the seventh known coronavirus, infecting humans. Objective: As the COVID-19 continued to spread the world wildly, every radiologist or clinician needs to be familiar with its imaging findings. Methods: In this study, we reviewed available studies to provide a comprehensive statement on COVID-19 imaging findings. Results: Ground-glass opacities, linear opacities, interlobular septal thickening, consolidation, and Crazy-paving patterns are the most frequent findings in computed tomography (CT) of lungs in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, which are mostly bilateral, multifocal, and peripheral. Staff needs to follow some rules to reduce infection transmission. Conclusion: COVID-19 pneumonia is a new global concern which has many unknown features. In this article, the radiologic characteristics of COVID-19 pneumonia are discussed. We also discussed appropriate protective measures that the radiology team should be aware of.

Inhibitions of Positive-Sense (ss) RNA Viruses RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kajohn Boonrod ◽  
Gabriele Krczal
Keyword(s):  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Rna Polymerases ◽  
Positive Sense

scholarly journals Innate Immune DNA Sensing of Flaviviruses

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 979
Author(s):  
Tongtong Zhu ◽  
Ana Fernandez-Sesma
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Dna Sensing ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Sensory Pathways ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Successful Replication

Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne RNA viruses that have been used extensively to study host antiviral responses. Often selected just to represent standard single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses in early studies, the Flavivirus genus over time has taught us how truly unique it is in its remarkable ability to target not just the RNA sensory pathways but also the cytosolic DNA sensing system for its successful replication inside the host cell. This review summarizes the main developments on the unexpected antagonistic strategies utilized by different flaviviruses, with RNA genomes, against the host cyclic GAMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) cytosolic DNA sensing pathway in mammalian systems. On the basis of the recent advancements on this topic, we hypothesize that the mechanisms of viral sensing and innate immunity are much more fluid than what we had anticipated, and both viral and host factors will continue to be found as important factors contributing to the host innate immune system in the future.

Intratypic antigenic heterogeneity of Coxsackie B viruses

1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard Wigand ◽  
Albert B. Sabin
Keyword(s):  
Coxsackie B Viruses ◽  
Antigenic Heterogeneity ◽  
Coxsackie B

scholarly journals Developing Picornaviruses for Cancer Therapy

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cormac McCarthy ◽  
Nadishka Jayawardena ◽  
Laura N. Burga ◽  
Mihnea Bostina
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Anticancer Activity ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Oncolytic Viruses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Positive Sense

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) form a group of novel anticancer therapeutic agents which selectively infect and lyse cancer cells. Members of several viral families, including Picornaviridae, have been shown to have anticancer activity. Picornaviruses are small icosahedral non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses infecting a wide range of hosts. They possess several advantages for development for cancer therapy: Their genomes do not integrate into host chromosomes, do not encode oncogenes, and are easily manipulated as cDNA. This review focuses on the picornaviruses investigated for anticancer potential and the mechanisms that underpin this specificity.

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