Health systems design

Author(s):  
Jorge Castilla Echenique ◽  
Andre Griekspoor ◽  
Hyo Jeong Kim

This chapter examines the relationship between humanitarian assistance and long-term development goals, including outlining the World Health Organization building blocks for health systems, how they can be impacted in emergencies, and how humanitarian programming can support, rather than hinder, their development. This chapter highlights the challenges of providing effective healthcare in a resource-poor context and emphasizes mechanisms to provide assistance which consider the long-term development goals of the country. It clarifies what humanitarian healthcare workers can do to ensure effective aid that delivers immediate healthcare relief to patients, which considers connections with the existing healthcare system, and provides performance standards which can be used to guide responses.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
My Fridell ◽  
Sanna Edwin ◽  
Johan von Schreeb ◽  
Dell D. Saulnier

Background: Health systems are based on 6 functions that need to work together at all times to effectively deliver safe and quality health services. These functions are vulnerable to shocks and changes; if a health system is unable to withstand the pressure from a shock, it may cease to function or collapse. The concept of resilience has been introduced with the goal of strengthening health systems to avoid disruption or collapse. The concept is new within health systems research, and no common description exists to describe its meaning. The aim of this study is to summarize and characterize the existing descriptions of health system resilience to improve understanding of the concept. Methods and Analysis: A scoping review was undertaken to identify the descriptions and characteristics of health system resilience. Four databases and gray literature were searched using the keywords "health system" and "resilience" for published documents that included descriptions, frameworks or characteristics of health system resilience. Additional documents were identified from reference lists. Four expert consultations were conducted to gain a broader perspective. Descriptions were analysed by studying the frequency of key terms and were characterized by using the World Health Organization (WHO) health system framework. The scoping review identified eleven sources with descriptions and 24 sources that presented characteristics of health system resilience. Frequently used terms that were identified in the literature were shock, adapt, maintain, absorb and respond. Change and learning were also identified when combining the findings from the descriptions, characteristics and expert consultations. Leadership and governance were recognized as the most important building block for creating health system resilience. Discussion: No single description of health system resilience was used consistently. A variation was observed on how resilience is described and to what depth it was explained in the existing literature. The descriptions of health system resilience primarily focus on major shocks. Adjustments to long-term changes and the element of learning should be considered for a better understating of health system resilience.


2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (08) ◽  
pp. 210-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton M. H. P. van den Besselaar ◽  
Armando Tripodi ◽  
Thomas P. J. Linsinger

SummaryReference materials for thromboplastins are available from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Commission (EC). The long-term stability of the reference materials is an essential requirement and must be monitored. The relationship between two reference materials for rabbit thromboplastin, i. e. ERM-AD149 (EC) and RBT/90 (WHO), has been monitored in the period 1996–2002. No significant trend with time was detected. In addition,the relationship between ERM-AD149 and the reference material for bovine thromboplastin (i. e. OBT/79) has been determined in 1994 and in 2005 in multicentre studies (n = 11 and n = 9, respectively). No significant changes were observed in the relationships between these reference materials when all results were included (5% significance level).


2021 ◽  
pp. 0261927X2110263
Author(s):  
David M. Markowitz

How do COVID-19 experts psychologically manage the pandemic and its effects? Using a full year of press briefings (January 2020–January 2021) from the World Health Organization ( N = 126), this paper evaluated the relationship between communication patterns and COVID-19 cases and deaths. The data suggest as COVID-19 cases and deaths increased, health experts tended to think about the virus in a more formal and analytic manner. Experts also communicated with fewer cognitive processing terms, which typically indicate people “working through” a crisis. This report offers a lens into the internal states of COVID-19 experts and their organization as they gradually learned about the virus and its daily impact.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-chang Chen ◽  
Keh-chung Lin ◽  
Chen-Jung Chen ◽  
Shu-Hui Yeh ◽  
Ay-Woan Pan ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Joint contractures, which affect activity, participation, and quality of life, are common complications of neurological conditions among elderly residents in long-term care facilities. This study examined the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales in a population with joint contractures. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used. The sample included elderly residents older than 64 years with joint contractures in an important joint who had lived at one of 12 long-term care facilities in Taiwan for more than 6 months (N = 243). The Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales for joint contractures was generated from the English version through five stages: translation, review, back-translation, review by a panel of specialists, and a pretest. Test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity were evaluated, and the results were compared with those for the World Health Organization Quality of Life scale and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule. Results The Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales had excellent reliability, with a Cronbach α coefficient of 0.975 (mean score, 28.98; standard deviation, 17.34). An exploratory factor analysis showed three factors and one factor with an eigenvalue > 1 that explained 75.176 and 62.83 % of the total variance in the Activity subscale and Participation subscale, respectively. The subscale-to-total scale correlation analysis showed Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.881 for the Activity subscale and 0.843 for the Participation subscale. Pearson’s product-moment correlation revealed that the correlation coefficient (r) between the Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule was 0.770, whereas that for the World Health Organization Quality of Life scale was − 0.553; these values were interpreted as large coefficients. Conclusions The underlying theoretical model of the Chinese version of the PaArticular Scales functions well in Taiwan and has acceptable levels of reliability and validity. However, the Chinese version must be further tested for applicability and generalizability in future studies, preferably with a larger sample and in different clinical domains.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miftahul Jannah

Indonesia sehat adalah suatu gambaran kondisi Indonesia di masa depan, yakni masyarakat, bangsa, dan negara yang ditandai oleh penduduknya hidup dalam lingkungan dengan perilaku hidup sehat, memiliki kemampuan menjangkau pelayanan kesehatan yang bermutu secara adil dan merata, serta mencapai derajat kesehatan yang setinggi-tingginya di seluruh wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI). Visi Depkes 2010-2014 yaitu masyarakat sehat yang mandiri dan berkeadilan (Depkes, 2010). Setiap negara memiliki tolak ukur dalam pencapaian derajat kesehatan, diIndonesia salah satu indikator dalam pencapaian derajat kesehatan masyarakat sehat yang mandiri dan berkeadilan sesuai dengan visi Depkes 2010 –2014 adalah dengan target menurunkan kematian Ibu (AKI) dan angka kematian bayi (AKB) yang masih tinggi (Ronald, 2011).World Health Organization (WHO) memperkirakan angka kematian maternal di Indonesia diperkirakan mencapai 100 sampai 1.000 lebih per 100.000 dari kelahiran hidup. Hasil laporan kemajuan pencapaian Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) tahun 2007 Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) di Indonesia masih mencapai 307 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup, tertinggi di Asia Tenggara (Sukowati, 2008). Dan berdasarkan Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) pada tahun 2012 jumlah AKI di Indonesia yaitu 359 per 100 ribu kelahiran hidup (Depkes, 2012). Berdasarkan laporan diperkirakan 50.000.000 ibu setiap tahunnya mengalami masalah kesehatan yang berhubungan dengan komplikasi –komplikasi kehamilan, persalinan dan nifas.komplikasi yang adakaitannya dengan kehamilan berjumlah sekitar 18 % dari jumlah global penyakit yang di derita wanita pada usia reproduksi. Dan diperkirakan 40 % wanita hamil akan mengalami komplikasi sepanjang kehamilannya (Ronald, 2011). Menurut Ronald (2010) diperkirakan dari setiap ibu yang meninggal dalam kehamilan, karena menderita komplikasi, diakibatkan karena adanya penyebab langsung dan tidak langsung dari kematian ibu tersebut. Penyebab utama kematian ibu yaitu adanya perdarahan (25 %), sepsis (15%), hipertensi dalam kehamilan (12%), partus macet (8 %), komplikasi aborsi tidak aman (13%), dan penyebab lain (8%) maka penyebab tidak langsung dari kematian ibu seperti anemia. Sebab kematian ibu , mulai dari kehamilan itu sendiri terdapat banyak masalah yang salah satunya kehamilan dengan mitos –mitos yang baik sadar atau tidak disadari selalu hidup secara turun temurun dalam masyarakat. Mitos-mitos kehamilan ini dapat memberikan pengaruh bagi perilaku ibu hamil baik itu positif maupun negative. Dari penyebab kematian ibu tersebut masalah kematian maupun kesakitan dan kunjungan pemeriksaan kehamilan pada ibu tidak terlepas dari faktor sosial budaya dan lingkungan di dalam masyarakat. Disadari atau tidak faktor kebudayaan, kepercayaan dan pengetahuan budaya seperti berbagai pantangan, hubungan sebab akibat, antara makanan dan kondisi sehat sakit, kebiasaan, dan ketidaktahuan, seringkali membawa dampak positif maupun negatif terhadap kesehatan ibu. Pengetahuan, sosial dan budaya ibu yang sedang hamil akan memengaruhi kesehatan ibu saat hamil.


2021 ◽  
pp. 104365962110469
Author(s):  
Giorgia Rudes ◽  
Claudia Fantuzzi

Introduction: The World Health Organization states that suicide is the second leading cause of death among youngs, and racism has been proven to have detrimental effects on both physical and mental health. These two plagues represent a public health priority, especially for susceptible minorities. Method: This systematic review analyzed 23 studies from multiple database searches, to understand the relationship between racism and suicidality in young minority groups. Results: The review demonstrated the correlation between racism and suicidality with the consequent development of mental disorders. There is strong evidence that the main suicide risk factor is acculturation, interpreted as the assimilation of the dominant culture with the loss of values from one’s cultural background. Discussion: Health care professionals should not underestimate the risk of suicidality associated with racism. Prevention is crucial and it should be implemented from a young age, in schools, through a joint intervention with children and their families, aiming toward integration without acculturation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-17
Author(s):  
Ahmed Fahim Elgendi ◽  
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...  

Currently, the world encounters the outbreak of an unprecedented epidemic named novel coronavirus COVID -19. World Health Organization (WHO) advises maintaining social distancing, preserving personal hygiene, and staying informed with the latest guidelines. WHO also reports the patients with robust immunity can combat the virus. However, the workers in the construction industry work and live in a crowded and non-hygiene environment. Moreover, they are characterized by illiteracy, a dearth of awareness, and chronic health problems that prove weak immunity. Therefore, this study aims to find the relationship between the virus and the prevailing conditions and the environment of the construction industry, under focus, and study so that the construction industry is not a vulnerability gap that may exacerbate the crisis. An extensive literature exploration for the latest research deals with coronavirus, the construction industry ergonomics, and its relevant diseases. This study makes robust alerts to motivate the governments, organizations, and individuals to collaborate to find solutions to close the gap between the current situation in the construction of ergonomics and the required precaution to avoid the outbreak of the virus. This study makes a crucial and novel contribution by paving the way for providing solutions to save humanity worldwide. The management system should review the conventional risk assessment procedures, and developed criteria must be introduced and become an everyday practice of all construction projects. This will help identify the gaps within the safety procedures associated with the COVID – 19 protection aspects. This article also introduces a framework in this regard.


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