Disorders of movement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cris S. Constantinescu ◽  
Fahd Baig
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Clinical Presentations

The neural pathways that control movement involve several structures, from the cerebral cortex through to the muscle. This allows for the maintenance of tone, posture, and volitional movement. Disruption of subcortical structures which modulate these pathways (such as the basal ganglia) can cause a variety of clinical presentations collectively termed movement disorders. They can be simply divided into hypokinetic disorders (e.g. parkinsonism) and hyperkinetic disorders.

FAHR'S SYNDROME IN A PATIENT WITH PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM – AN INTERESTING CASE REPORT

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-15
Author(s):  
Aniket Bhattacharjee ◽  
Santosh Kumar Swain
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Fahr’S Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
The Brain

Fahr's Syndrome is a rare neurodegenerative disease which is characterized by bilaterally symmetrical calcications in various parts of the brain such as the basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, cerebral cortex etc. It can have a wide variety of clinical presentations ranging from, dementia, parkinsonism, movement disorders etc. It can be primary/idiopathic or secondary to other causes mainly endocrinopathies. Here we describe an interesting case of a 78 years old man who presented with dementia and tremors and was later diagnosed as fahr's syndrome which was secondary to pseudohypoparathyroidism.

Subcortical structures: the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and thalamus

2010 ◽  
pp. 4871-4879
Author(s):  
Mark J. Edwards ◽  
Penelope Talelli
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Video Material ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Relay Stations

For video material relating to movement disorders, please go to Movement Disorders Videos. Less is known of the function of the cerebellum, thalamus and basal ganglia than of other structures in the brain, but there is an increasing appreciation of their complex role in motor and nonmotor functions of the entire nervous system. These structures exercise functions that far exceed their previously assumed supporting parts as simple ‘relay stations’ between cortex and spinal cord....

Subcortical structures: The cerebellum, basal ganglia, and thalamus

2020 ◽  
pp. 5937-5945
Author(s):  
Mark J. Edwards ◽  
Penelope Talelli
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Relay Stations

Less is known of the function of the cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia than of other structures in the brain, but there is an increasing appreciation of their complex role in motor and non-motor functions of the entire nervous system. These structures exercise functions that far exceed their previously assumed supporting parts as simple ‘relay stations’ between cortex and spinal cord. The subcortical structures receive massive different inputs from the cerebral cortex and peripheral sense organs and stretch receptors. Through recurrent feedback loops this information is integrated and shaped to provide output which contributes to scaling, sequencing, and timing of movement, as well as learning and automatization of motor and non-motor behaviours.

Use of an intracranial near-infrared probe for localization during stereotactic surgery for movement disorders

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cole A. Giller ◽  
Maureen Johns ◽  
Hanli Liu
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Stereotactic Surgery ◽  
Resected Specimen ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Localization of targets during stereotactic surgery is frequently accomplished by identification of the boundaries between the gray matter of various nuclei and the surrounding white matter. The authors describe an intracranial probe developed for this purpose, which uses near-infrared (NIR) light.The probe fits through standard stereotactic holders and emits light at its tip. The scattered light is detected and analyzed by a spectrometer, with the slope of the trailing portion of the reflectance curve used as the measurement value.Near-infrared readings were obtained during 27 neurosurgical procedures. The first three operations were temporal lobectomies, with values obtained from tracks in the resected specimen and resection bed. In the next five procedures, the probe was inserted stereotactically to a depth of 1 to 2 cm with measurements obtained every 1 mm. The probe was then used in 19 stereotactic procedures for movement disorders, obtaining measurements every 0.5 to 1 mm to target depths of 6 to 8 cm to interrogate subcortical structures. The NIR signals were correlated to distances beneath the cortical surface measured on postoperative computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging by using angle correction and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques.The NIR values for white and gray matter obtained during the lobectomies were significantly different (white matter 2.5 ± 0.37, gray matter 0.82 ± 0.23 mean ± standard deviation). The NIR values from the superficial stereotactic tracks showed initial low values corresponding to cortical gray matter and high values corresponding to subcortical white matter.There was good correlation between the NIR signals and postoperative imaging in the 19 stereotactic cases. Dips due to adjacent sulci, a plateau of high signal due to subcortical white matter, a dip in the NIR signal during passage through the ventricle, dips due to the caudate nucleus, and peaks due to the white matter capsule between ventricle and thalamus were constant features. The putamen—capsule boundary and the lamina externa and interna of the globus pallidus could be distinguished in three cases. Elevated signals corresponding to the thalamic floor were seen in 10 cases. Nuances such as prior lesions and nonspecific white matter changes were also detected. There was no incidence of morbidity associated with use of the probe. Data acquisition was straightforward and the equipment required for the studies was inexpensive.The NIR probe described in this article seems to be able to detect gray—white matter boundaries around and within subcortical structures commonly encountered in stereotactic functional neurosurgery. This simple, inexpensive method deserves further study to establish its efficacy for stereotactic localization.

Basal ganglia local field potentials: applications in the development of new deep brain stimulation devices for movement disorders

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Marceglia ◽  
Lorenzo Rossi ◽  
Guglielmo Foffani ◽  
AnnaMaria Bianchi ◽  
Sergio Cerutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Local Field Potentials ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Deep Brain

scholarly journals Role of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex in tardive dyskinesia: evidence from cerebrovascular accident.

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
A S Walters ◽  
M Katchen ◽  
J Fleishman ◽  
S Chokroverty ◽  
R Duvoisin
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Tardive Dyskinesia ◽  
Cerebrovascular Accident

scholarly journals An Avian Basal Ganglia-Forebrain Circuit Contributes Differentially to Syllable Versus Sequence Variability of Adult Bengalese Finch Song

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 3235-3245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara M. Hampton ◽  
Jon T. Sakata ◽  
Michael S. Brainard
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Behavioral Variability ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Sequence Variability ◽  
Social Modulation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Learned Behaviors ◽  
Magnocellular Nucleus

Behavioral variability is important for motor skill learning but continues to be present and actively regulated even in well-learned behaviors. In adult songbirds, two types of song variability can persist and are modulated by social context: variability in syllable structure and variability in syllable sequencing. The degree to which the control of both types of adult variability is shared or distinct remains unknown. The output of a basal ganglia-forebrain circuit, LMAN (the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium), has been implicated in song variability. For example, in adult zebra finches, neurons in LMAN actively control the variability of syllable structure. It is unclear, however, whether LMAN contributes to variability in adult syllable sequencing because sequence variability in adult zebra finch song is minimal. In contrast, Bengalese finches retain variability in both syllable structure and syllable sequencing into adulthood. We analyzed the effects of LMAN lesions on the variability of syllable structure and sequencing and on the social modulation of these forms of variability in adult Bengalese finches. We found that lesions of LMAN significantly reduced the variability of syllable structure but not of syllable sequencing. We also found that LMAN lesions eliminated the social modulation of the variability of syllable structure but did not detect significant effects on the modulation of sequence variability. These results show that LMAN contributes differentially to syllable versus sequence variability of adult song and suggest that these forms of variability are regulated by distinct neural pathways.

Involvement of Subcortical Structures in the Preparation of Self-Paced Movement

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 130-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Paradiso ◽  
Danny Cunic ◽  
Robert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Movement Preparation ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Postoperative Mri ◽  
Deep Brain

Abstract Although it has long been suggested that the basal ganglia and thalamus are involved in movement planning and preparation, there was little direct evidence in humans to support this hypothesis. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established treatment for movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, tremor, and dystonia. In patients undergoing DBS surgery, we recorded simultaneously from scalp contacts and from electrodes surgically implanted in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of 13 patients with Parkinson's disease and in the “cerebellar” thalamus of 5 patients with tremor. The aim of our studies was to assess the role of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop through the STN and the cerebello-thalamocortical circuit through the “cerebellar” thalamus in movement preparation. The patients were asked to perform self-paced wrist extension movements. All subjects showed a cortical readiness potential (RP) with onset ranging between 1.5 to 2s before the onset of movement. Subcortical RPs were recorded in 11 of 13 with electrodes in the STN and in 4 of 5 patients with electrodes in the thalamus. The onset time of the STN and thalamic RPs were not significantly different from the onset time of the scalp RP. The STN and thalamic RPs were present before both contralateral and ipsilateral hand movements. Postoperative MRI studies showed that contacts with maximum RP amplitude generally were inside the target nucleus. These findings indicate that both the basal ganglia and the cerebellar circuits participate in movement preparation in parallel with the cortex.

scholarly journals Double dissociation of single-interval and rhythmic temporal prediction in cerebellar degeneration and Parkinson’s disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (48) ◽  
pp. 12283-12288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assaf Breska ◽  
Richard B. Ivry
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Cerebellar Degeneration ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Attentional Orienting ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Double Dissociation ◽  
Temporal Prediction ◽  
Single Interval

Predicting the timing of upcoming events is critical for successful interaction in a dynamic world, and is recognized as a key computation for attentional orienting. Temporal predictions can be formed when recent events define a rhythmic structure, as well as in aperiodic streams or even in isolation, when a specified interval is known from previous exposure. However, whether predictions in these two contexts are mediated by a common mechanism, or by distinct, context-dependent mechanisms, is highly controversial. Moreover, although the basal ganglia and cerebellum have been linked to temporal processing, the role of these subcortical structures in temporal orienting of attention is unclear. To address these issues, we tested individuals with cerebellar degeneration or Parkinson’s disease, with the latter serving as a model of basal ganglia dysfunction, on temporal prediction tasks in the subsecond range. The participants performed a visual detection task in which the onset of the target was predictable, based on either a rhythmic stream of stimuli, or a single interval, specified by two events that occurred within an aperiodic stream. Patients with cerebellar degeneration showed no benefit from single-interval cuing but preserved benefit from rhythm cuing, whereas patients with Parkinson’s disease showed no benefit from rhythm cuing but preserved benefit from single-interval cuing. This double dissociation provides causal evidence for functionally nonoverlapping mechanisms of rhythm- and interval-based temporal prediction for attentional orienting, and establishes the separable contributions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia to these functions, suggesting a mechanistic specialization across timing domains.

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