The epidemiology and pathophysiology of coronary artery disease

2010 ◽  
pp. 2-17
Author(s):  
Robert A. Henderson ◽  
Leong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Premature Death ◽  
Western World ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Rising Incidence ◽  
Artery Disease

Advances in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) have led to significant improvements in prognosis and quality of life, but globally CHD remains a leading cause of premature death and disability. In 2001 CHD was responsible for 11.8% of all deaths in low- and middle-income countries and 17.3% in high-income countries, accounting for over 7 million deaths worldwide. By 2020 CHD is projected to be the leading cause of death and disability-adjusted life years, reflecting a rapidly increasing prevalence in developing countries and Eastern Europe, and the rising incidence of obesity and diabetes in the Western world.

scholarly journals Global Burden of Stroke

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (02) ◽  
pp. 208-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Katan ◽  
Andreas Luft
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Life Years Lost

AbstractStroke is the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide. Its incidence is increasing because the population ages. In addition, more young people are affected by stroke in low- and middle-income countries. Ischemic stroke is more frequent but hemorrhagic stroke is responsible for more deaths and disability-adjusted life-years lost. Incidence and mortality of stroke differ between countries, geographical regions, and ethnic groups. In high-income countries mainly, improvements in prevention, acute treatment, and neurorehabilitation have led to a substantial decrease in the burden of stroke over the past 30 years. This article reviews the epidemiological and clinical data concerning stroke incidence and burden around the globe.

Injury prevention and control

2021 ◽  
pp. 361-376
Author(s):  
Corinne Peek-Asa ◽  
Adnan A. Hyder
Keyword(s):  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
And Control

Injuries are among the leading causes of death and disability throughout the world and contribute disproportionately to premature life lost. Injury rates are highest among middle- and low-income countries. According to analyses of the 2016 Global Burden of Disease data, injuries cause over 4.6 million deaths per year, accounting for nearly 8.4% of all deaths and 10.7% of disability-adjusted life years. Many opportunities to implement injury prevention strategies exist, and a systematic approach to injury prevention can help identify the most effective and efficient approaches. Building capacity for injury prevention activities in low- and middle-income countries is an important public health priority.

scholarly journals Global Disparities Between Pediatric Publications and Disease Burden From 2006 to 2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 2333794X1983129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Keating ◽  
Heather Haq ◽  
Chris A. Rees ◽  
Kirk A. Dearden ◽  
Samuel A. Luboga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Childhood Disease ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years

There is a disproportionate burden of pediatric disease in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); however, the proportion and relation of published articles to childhood disease burden in LMICs have not been assessed previously. This study aimed to determine whether published articles and disease topics from research conducted in LMICs in the most widely cited pediatric journals reflected the global burden of childhood disease. We reviewed all articles published from 2006 to 2015 in the 3 pediatric journals with the highest Eigenfactor scores to identify studies conducted in the World Bank–designated LMICs. We abstracted study topic, design, purpose, country, and funding sources. We derived descriptive statistics, Fisher’s exact χ2 test, Monte Carlo estimates, and Spearman’s rank order coefficients. Of the 19 676 articles reviewed, 10 494 were original research articles. Of those, 965 (9.2%) were conducted in LMICs. Over the study period, the proportion of published articles originating from LMICs increased ( r2 = 0.77). Disease topics did not reflect the underlying burden of disease as measured in disability-adjusted life years (Spearman’s rank order coefficient = 0.25). Despite bearing the majority of the world’s burden of disease, articles from LMICs made up a small proportion of all published articles in the 3 pediatric journals with the highest Eigenfactor scores. The number of published articles from LMICs increased over the study period; nevertheless, the topics did not coincide with the burden of disease in LMICs. These discrepancies highlight the need for development of a research agenda to address the diseases that are the greatest threat to the majority of children worldwide.

Global evidence generation

2020 ◽  
pp. 453-464
Author(s):  
Adesola Ogunniyi
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
World Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Special Mention ◽  
Global Burden Of Diseases ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Evidence Generation

Disparities in the distribution of neurological and mental health disorders (NMHD) in different regions of the world can provide clues on the putative risk factors while providing basis for intervention strategies. This chapter utilizes the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) data and the disability adjusted life years (DALY) calculations in the different World Health Organization (WHO) regions to adduce reasons for the peculiarities observed. The focus is on the most common NMHD, particularly those for which preventive strategies are likely to result in improved health outcomes for the majority of those affected. In this regard, stroke, epilepsy, and depressive disorders have been given special attention because of their high societal impact and the extensive studies from different regions. Dementia deserves special mention in view of its looming epidemic in low and middle income countries (LMICs), while its burden is lessening in high income countries (HICs) due to appropriate interventions and higher education.

World Stroke Organization (WSO): Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2022

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery L Feigin ◽  
Michael Brainin ◽  
Bo Norrving ◽  
Sheila Martins ◽  
Ralph L Sacco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
External Stakeholders ◽  
Life Years Lost

Stroke remains the second-leading cause of death and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (as expressed by disability-adjusted life-years lost – DALYs) in the world. The estimated global cost of stroke is over US$721 billion (0.66% of the global GDP). From 1990 to 2019, the burden (in terms of the absolute number of cases) increased substantially (70.0% increase in incident strokes, 43.0% deaths from stroke, 102.0% prevalent strokes, and 143.0% DALYs), with the bulk of the global stroke burden (86.0% of deaths and 89.0% of DALYs) residing in lower-income and lower-middle-income countries (LMIC). This World Stroke Organisation (WSO) Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2022 provides the most updated information that can be used to inform communication with all internal and external stakeholders; all statistics have been reviewed and approved for use by the WSO Executive Committee as well as leaders from the Global Burden of Disease research group.

scholarly journals Emergency care surveillance and emergency care registries in low-income and middle-income countries: conceptual challenges and future directions for research

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 6) ◽  
pp. e001442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani Mowafi ◽  
Christine Ngaruiya ◽  
Gerard O'Reilly ◽  
Olive Kobusingye ◽  
Vikas Kapil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Emergency Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years

Despite the fact that the 15 leading causes of global deaths and disability-adjusted life years are from conditions amenable to emergency care, and that this burden is highest in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is a paucity of research on LMIC emergency care to guide policy making, resource allocation and service provision. A literature review of the 550 articles on LMIC emergency care published in the 10-year period from 2007 to 2016 yielded 106 articles for LMIC emergency care surveillance and registry research. Few articles were from established longitudinal surveillance or registries and primarily composed of short-term data collection. Using these articles, a working group was convened by the US National Institutes of Health Fogarty International Center to discuss challenges and potential solutions for established systems to better understand global emergency care in LMICs. The working group focused on potential uses for emergency care surveillance and registry data to improve the quality of services provided to patients. Challenges included a lack of dedicated resources for such research in LMIC settings as well as over-reliance on facility-based data collection without known correlation to the overall burden of emergency conditions in the broader community. The group outlined potential solutions including incorporating data from sources beyond traditional health records, use of standard clinical forms that embed data needed for research and policy making and structured population-based research to establish clear linkages between what is seen in emergency units and the wider community. The group then identified current gaps in LMIC emergency care surveillance and registry research to form a research agenda for the future.

scholarly journals Global Burden of Covid-19 Restrictions: National, Regional and Global Estimates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guenther Fink ◽  
Fabrizio Tediosi ◽  
Stefan Felder
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Global Estimates ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Abstract A large literature has documented the high global mortality and mental health burden associated with the current Covid-19 pandemic. In this paper, we combine newly collected data on subjective reductions in the quality of life with the latest data on Covid-19 restrictions to quantify the total number of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) lost due to government imposed restrictions globally. Our estimates suggest a total loss of 2980 (95% 2764, 3198) million QALYs as of September 6th 2021, with the highest burden absolute burden in lower and upper middle income countries. QALY losses appear to be particularly large for closures of schools and daycares as well as restaurants and bars, and seem relatively small for wearing masks in public and closure of fitness facilities.

scholarly journals Psychosocial influences on help-seeking behaviour for cancer in low-income and lower middle-income countries: a mixed-methods systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. e004213
Author(s):  
Grace McCutchan ◽  
Bahr Weiss ◽  
Harriet Quinn-Scoggins ◽  
Anh Dao ◽  
Tom Downs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Cancer Symptoms ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Help Seeking Behaviour ◽  
Psychosocial Influences

IntroductionStarting cancer treatment early can improve outcomes. Psychosocial factors influencing patients’ medical help-seeking decisions may be particularly important in low and lower middle-income countries (LMIC) where cancer outcomes are poor. Comprehensive review evidence is needed to understand the psychosocial influences on medical help-seeking for cancer symptoms, attendance for diagnosis and starting cancer treatment.MethodsMixed-methods systematic review registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018099057). Peer-reviewed databases were searched until April 2020 for studies assessing patient-related barriers and facilitators to medical help-seeking for cancer symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in adults (18+ years) living in LMICs. Quality of included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool. Data were synthesised using meta-analytic techniques, meta-ethnography or narrative synthesis as appropriate.ResultsOf 3963 studies identified, 64 were included. In quantitative studies, use of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) was associated with 3.60 higher odds of prolonged medical help-seeking (95% CI 2.06 to 5.14). Qualitative studies suggested that use of TCAM was a key barrier to medical help-seeking in LMICs, and was influenced by causal beliefs, cultural norms and a preference to avoid biomedical treatment. Women face particular barriers, such as needing family permission for help-seeking, and higher stigma for cancer treatment. Additional psychosocial barriers included: shame and stigma associated with cancer such as fear of social rejection (eg, divorce/disownment); limited knowledge of cancer and associated symptoms; and financial and access barriers associated with travel and appointments.ConclusionDue to variable quality of studies, future evaluations would benefit from using validated measures and robust study designs. The use of TCAM and gender influences appear to be important barriers to help-seeking in LMIC. Cancer awareness campaigns developed with LMIC communities need to address cultural influences on medical help-seeking behaviour.

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