Normal anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Casha ◽  
Philippe Mercier
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Normal Anatomy ◽  
Sensory Afferents ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Sacral Spine

The spinal cord and peripheral nerves carry motor and autonomic efferents, as well as sensory afferents connecting the cerebrum with the body. Efferent and afferent fibres form predictable tracts within the spinal cord, forming spinal nerves as they exit the spinal canal. Peripheral nerves are often formed from complicated plexuses of spinal nerves in the cervical, lumbar, and sacral spine. Dermatomes are formed from spinal nerves that innervate specific areas of skin, while myotomes innervate a specific set of muscles. The detailed anatomy of these structures are discussed. Knowledge of the anatomy of these structures is relevant to many clinical situations encountered in the intensive care unit especially with caring for neurological, neurosurgical, orthopaedic, and trauma patients.

Normal anatomy and physiology of the brain

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Ferioli ◽  
Lori Shutter
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Normal Anatomy ◽  
Cerebrovascular Accidents ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Cerebral Trauma ◽  
The Brain

An understanding of the normal anatomy of the brain is essential to the diagnosis of a number of conditions that may be encountered in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Common structural cerebral conditions causing patients to be admitted to the ICU include cerebral trauma (traumatic brain injury), cerebrovascular accidents (both ischaemic and haemorrhagic), and infections. Cerebral conditions with a structural basis occurring after admission to the ICU are not as common as functional abnormalities, such as delirium, and peripheral complications, such as critical illness neuropathy and myopathy. An understanding of brain physiology, in particular factors that control or influence intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) underpin much of the theory behind the management of acute brain injuries and syndromes.

scholarly journals I. On the relation between the structure, function, and distribution of the cranial nerves. Preliminary communication

1888 ◽  
Vol 43 (258-265) ◽  
pp. 382-390 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Internal Surfaces ◽  
Preliminary Communication ◽  
And Function ◽  
Lateral Plates

In a previous paper I have pointed out that the structure, distribution, and function of the spinal nerves, as well as the arrangement of their centres of origin in the spinal cord, all lead to the conclusion that these nerves are divisible into two parts; (1) a somatic part, supplying the external surface of the body and the muscles derived from the muscle plates, and (2) a splanchnic part, supplying the internal surfaces and organs and the muscles derived from the lateral plates of mesoblast. I also pointed out that the cranial nerves were built up on a similar plan and arose from similar centres of origin to the spinal nerves; that they too were divisible into somatic and splanchnic groups of the same type as in the spinal nerves.

scholarly journals IX. Experiments in examination of the peripheral distribution of the fibres of the posterior roots of some spinal nerves

1893 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 641-763 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Laboratory Animal ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sacral Plexus ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Spinal Roots

As a step preliminary to some observations on the reflex functions of the spinal cord of the Monkey, I have attempted to make a rather detailed examination of the distribution of the efferent and afferent roots of each spinal nerve, especially in the lower half of the body of that animal. I have recently published some experimental notes on the arrangement of some motor fibres in the lumbo-sacral plexus, and the present paper deals chiefly with the distribution of the afferent fibres of the roots. Previous Observations. In the researches which have had for their subject the peripheral distribution of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves, the plexuses of the Mammalian fore limb have been more studied than have those pertaining to the hind limb. With the exception of the five experiments extant by L. Türck (1856), there seem no experiments on the cutaneous fields of the afferent spinal roots of the Mammalian bind limb previous to my own. This fact may lend interest to observations, especially on so high a type as the Monkey, and I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to the Royal Society for pecuniary aid, placing that somewhat expensive laboratory animal within my reach.

scholarly journals Abdominal Schwannomas: Case Report With Literature Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishal G. Shelat ◽  
Kelvin Li ◽  
Shailesh Naik ◽  
Chee Yung Ng ◽  
Nandini Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Preoperative Diagnosis ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
The Body ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Common Site ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract Schwannomas are rare tumors that arise from Schwann cells in neural sheaths. They are commonly found in the central nervous system, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves of the body. Occasionally, they occur in the gastrointestinal tract, with the stomach being the most common site. However, colorectal and retroperitoneal schwannomas are very rare. Preoperative diagnosis is often difficult and definitive treatment entails surgical excision. We herein present 3 cases of intraabdominal schwannomas.

Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral Spine Anatomy for Endoscopic Surgery

Neurosurgery ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (suppl_2) ◽  
pp. S2-67-S2-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Glenn Pait ◽  
Alexandre J.R. Elias ◽  
Ron Tribell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Endoscopic Surgery ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Anatomic Variations ◽  
Normal Anatomy ◽  
Tissue Structures ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Sacral Spine

Abstract WE DISCUSS THE anatomy of the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral levels of the spinal cord. Given the nature of endoscopic surgery, it is recommended that the surgeon have thorough knowledge not only of the bony architecture but also of important visceral and other soft tissue structures. It is essential to understand the normal anatomy to recognize the abnormal and anatomic variations. We present the so-called normal anatomic configurations and illustrate how these structures vary at the different levels of the spinal column.

scholarly journals Neuroscan of Normal and Abnormal Vertebrae and Spinal Cord

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Ritsuko K Pooh
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Vertebral Body ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Spinous Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Spinal Cord Segment ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vertebral Arch

Abstract The vertebral body, neural arch and its processes develop from the sclerotome of the primitive mesodermal segments. After chondrification, separate ossification centres appear for the body and one for each of the neural arches. Vertebrae are composed of a body and a vertebral arch. The vertebral foramina, which consist of the vertebral arch and back of vertebral body, form the vertebral canal including and protecting the spinal cord. The vertebral arches are formed by two pedicles and two laminae which unite as a spinous process. Relation between the vertebrae and spinal cord during pregnancy is interesting. In embryonal period, the CNS develops earlier than other part of embryonal structures and occupies approximately one third of the whole embryonal body. At the 3rd month of development the length of the spinal cord equals that of the vertebral column. The spinal nerves and the relationship of the spinal nerves to the vertebra are established. Therefore the spinal cord segment is at the same level as the corresponding vertebral level. In subsequent fetal period, however, fetal body structure including vertebral column develops faster than the neural tube. As the consequence of this different development of the column and nerves, caudal end of the spinal cord within the vertebral column relatively moves upward with advancing gestation and reaches to the level of the third lumber vertebra at birth.

Macroanatomical Structure of the Lumbosacral Plexus and its Branches in the Indigenous Duck

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
MT Hussan ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
J Alam
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Femoral Nerve ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lumbar Plexus ◽  
Lumbosacral Plexus ◽  
Sacral Plexus ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

The present study was carried out to determine the morphological structure and the branches of the lumbosacral plexus in the indigenous duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). Six mature indigenous ducks were used in this study. After administering an anesthetic to the birds, the body cavities were opened. The nerves of the lumbosacral plexus were dissected separately and photographed. The lumbosacral plexus consisted of lumbar and sacral plexus innervated to the hind limb. The lumbar plexus was formed by the union of three roots of spinal nerves that included last two and first sacral spinal nerve. Among three roots, second (middle) root was the highest in diameter and the last root was least in diameter. We noticed five branches of the lumbar plexus which included obturator, cutaneous femoral, saphenus, cranial coxal, and the femoral nerve. The six roots of spinal nerves, which contributed to form three trunks, formed the sacral plexus of duck. The three trunks united medial to the acetabular foramen and formed a compact, cylindrical bundle, the ischiatic nerve. The principal branches of the sacral plexus were the tibial and fibular nerves that together made up the ischiatic nerve. Other branches were the caudal coxal nerve, the caudal femoral cutaneous nerve and the muscular branches. This study was the first work on the lumbosacral plexus of duck and its results may serve as a basis for further investigation on this subject.

Acute Traumatic Cervical Facet Fractures

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Shankar Gopinat
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Early Surgery ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Spinal Stability ◽  
Fracture Patterns ◽  
Spine Ct ◽  
Cervical Facet

Acute cervical facet fractures are increasingly being detected due to the use of cervical spine CT imaging in the initial assessment of trauma patients. For displaced cervical facet fractures with dislocations and subluxations, early surgery can decompress the spinal cord and stabilize the spine. For patients with non-displaced cervical facet fractures, the challenge in managing these patients is the determination of spinal stability. Although many of the patients with non-displaced cervical facet fractures can be managed with a cervical collar, the imaging needs to be analyzed carefully since certain fracture patterns may be better managed with early surgical stabilization.

scholarly journals Outcome of Cervical Spine Trauma Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Government Referral Trauma Center in Nepal

2021 ◽  
pp. 219256822098070
Author(s):  
Gyanendra Shah ◽  
Gaurav Raj Dhakal ◽  
Anil Gupta ◽  
Pawan Kumar Hamal ◽  
Siddhartha Dhungana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Cervical Spine Injuries ◽  
Resource Setting ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Huge Impact

Study Design: Retrospective study. Objectives: Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event for patient and family. It has a huge impact on society because of intensive resources required to manage the patient in both acute and rehabilitation phases. With the limited resource setting in underdeveloped countries like Nepal, questions are often raised regarding whether the outcome justifies the expenses of their care. The objective was to assess the outcomes of cervical SCI patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: All cervical SCI admitted in ICU during May 2017 to August 2018 were included in this study. Demographic details, mode, morphology, and neurological level of injury, intervention performed and outcomes of ICU stay were analyzed. Results: Out of 48 patients, 36 (75%) were male and 12 female with mean age 43.9 ± 15.9 years. Fall injury was the commonest mode of injury (83.3%). Most patients presented within 1 to 3 days of injury and C5-C6 (33.3%) was the most common involved level and 75% presented with ASIA A neurology. Mechanical ventilation was required in 95.8% of the patients and 22 patients were operated upon. The average stay in ICU was 15 days and 13 patients died in the ICU. Conclusions: Majority of cervical SCI with complete motor paraplegia required ICU care. Inspite of the intensive care, a subset of these patients succumbed to the complications of the injury. Therefore, it is essential to establish trauma ICU care with specific protocols on managing cervical spine injuries.

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