Craniospinal malignancies

2016 ◽  
pp. 867-903
Author(s):  
Puneet Plaha ◽  
Allyson Parry ◽  
Pieter Pretorius ◽  
Michael Brada ◽  
Olaf Ansorge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Medical Management ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Brain Tumours ◽  
Spinal Metastases ◽  
Intracranial Tumours ◽  
Molecular Oncology ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Central Nervous System

This chapter covers cancer of the central nervous system (CNS), including epidemiology and aetiology, classification, pathology and molecular genetics, clinical manifestation, neuroradiology, medical management, surgery for intracranial tumours, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and clinical management of brain tumours. In addition, there are sections devoted to brain and spinal metastases, and primary tumours of the skull and spine. New concepts of molecular oncology for diagnosis and therapy are discussed. Brain cancers (gliomas) were amongst the first neoplasms subjected to systematic genomic and transcriptomic analysis that may guide individualized treatments. In addition to gliomas, rarer type of intracranial tumours are included, such as ependymomas, primitive neuroectodermal tumours, and pineal tumours are also covered.

New concepts on the structure of the neuronal networks: The miniaturization and hierarchical organization of the central nervous system*

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi F. Agnati ◽  
Kjell Fuxe
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Networks ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Information Handling ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Local Circuits ◽  
The Relationship

The hypothesis is introduced that miniaturization of neuronal circuits in the central nervous system and the hierarchical organization of the various levels, where information handling can take place, may be the key to understand the enormous capability of the human brain to store engrams as well as its astonishing capacity to reconstruct and organize engrams and thus to perform highly sophisticated integrations. The concept is also proposed that in order to understand the relationship between the structural and functional plasticity of the central nervous system it is necessary to postulate the existence of memory storage at the network level, at the local circuit level, at the synaptic level, at the membrane level, and finally at the molecular level. Thus, memory organization is similar to the hierarchical organization of the various levels, where information handling takes place in the nervous system. In addition, each higher level plays a role in the reconstruction and organization of the engrams stored at lower levels. Thus, the trace of the functionally stored memory (i.e. its reconstruction and organization at various levels of storage) will depend not only on the chemicophysical changes in the membranes of the local circuits but also on the organization of the local circuits themselves and their associated neuronal networks.

Spinal metastases of malignant intracranial meningioma through the central nervous system

Chirurgia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonko Marinović ◽  
Marina Raguž ◽  
Domagoj Dlaka ◽  
Vesna Marinović ◽  
Andrea Blažević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Metastases ◽  
Intracranial Meningioma ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis: a challenge in treatment and in clinical management

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (52) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Agnès Fleury ◽  
Edda Sciutto
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Patient Survival ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic disease that occurs when cysticerci are installed in the central nervous system. This paper describes the challenge that continues in the treatment of the most severe form of neurocysticercosis that occurs when the parasite is installed outside the parenchyma. The relevance of neuroinflammation control for patient survival and its implications on the effectiveness of the treatment are discussed.

Imaging features of multifocal primary rhabdoid tumour of the central nervous system with meningeal and spinal metastases

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter De Mot ◽  
Philippe Demaerel ◽  
Guy Wilms ◽  
Stefaan Van Gool ◽  
Raf Sciot
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Metastases ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Rhabdoid Tumour ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Fahr’s Syndrome and Secondary Hypoparathyroidism

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitorino Modesto dos Santos ◽  
Ana Medeiros De Farias Da Mata ◽  
Kelle Regina Alves Ribeiro ◽  
Isadora Cartaxo De Sousa Calvo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Typical Case ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Characteristic Distribution ◽  
Mood Changes ◽  
Fahr’S Syndrome ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Clonic Seizures

A typical case of Fahr’s syndrome is described in a 76-year-old Brazilian female who underwent a total thyroidectomy three decades ago. Six years before the current admission, she started with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Associated disorders involved extra-pyramidal, cognitive, nocturnal terror and mood changes. With suspicion of hypocalcemia due to secondary hypoparathyroidism, laboratory determinations confirmed the diagnoses. Furthermore, imaging studies of the central nervous system detected multiple calcifications, with characteristic distribution of Fahr’s syndrome. Clinical management was successful.

Intrathecal drug delivery for management of cancer and noncancer pain

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen H. Simpson, FRCA ◽  
Iain Jones, FRCA
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cancer Pain ◽  
Patient Selection ◽  
Medical Management ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Intrathecal Drug Delivery ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Noncancer Pain

Intrathecal drug delivery (ITDD) has been an option for the management of persistent pain since the 1980s. The discovery of opioid receptors in the central nervous system was the impetus for early attempts to deliver opioids intraspinally. Approximately, 10-20 percent patients with cancer pain get inadequate analgesia from conventional medical management; this group particularly may benefit from ITDD. However, there is also some evidence for the use of ITDD in those with noncancer pain. This review presents options for ITDD, available drugs, evidence for efficacy, principles of patient selection, and problems with the intrathecal route.

Neuromyelitis Optica

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron E. Miller ◽  
Teresa M. DeAngelis
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system with a predilection for the optic nerves and spinal cord, has long been confused with classical multiple sclerosis. In this chapter, we review the important clinical and radiographic distinctions of NMO and NMO spectrum disorders, and summarize promising new concepts in pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches.

Co-occurrence of brain tumours and demyelination of the central nervous system: coincidence or interrelation?

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. ARGYRIOU ◽  
P. POLYCHRONOPOULOS ◽  
M. PARTHENI ◽  
D. KONSTANTINOU ◽  
S. PAPAPETROPOULOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumours ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Primary Human Brain Tumours: An Immunohistochemical Analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Rutka ◽  
Craig A. Myatt ◽  
Jane R. Giblin ◽  
Richard L. Davis ◽  
Mark L. Rosenblum
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Brain Tumours ◽  
Type Iv Collagen ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Human Brain Tumours

Abstract:Using immunohistochemical techniques, we localized several glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix in paraffin-embedded sections of 4 normal brain and 38 primary intracranial tumour specimens. All specimens were positively immunostained to various degrees by monoclonal antibodies to type IV collagen and procollagen III and by antisera to laminin and fibronectin. Staining was consistently most intense at sites of contact between neuroepithelial and mesenchymal or leptomeningeal elements; there was no demonstrable staining within or between neuroepithelial elements in the neuropil. Tumour cells from meningiomas and from the sarcomatous portion of a gliosarcoma were positively immunostained for fibronectin and laminin. The integrity of the glial limitans externa was demonstrated by the positive linear reaction product produced by immunostains for type IV collagen and laminin, even in the most malignant gliomas. The deposition of extracellular matrix glycoproteins at the glial-mesenchymal interface observed in this study of primary human brain tumours is a manifestation of one of the interactions between tumour and stromal cells in the central nervous system. A loss of coordination and an alteration in the interactions between epithelial cells and stromal cells across extracellular matrices such as basement membranes are thought to be fundamental steps in the development and progression of cancer. Further characterization studies focusing on other markers of the extracellular matrix are needed to elucidate completely the function of this structure in the central nervous system.

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