Infections of the Central Nervous System

The Brain ◽

Shunt Infections

Infections of the central nervous system include meninigitis (acute and chronic), encephalitis, myelitis, abscesses, and cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. Meningitis is diagnosed by the presence of white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain caused by infection. Myelitis is infection or inflammation of the spinal cord. The diagnosis and treatment of various types of central nervous system infections are reviewed.

Neurochemical Systems in the Central Nervous System

Neurobiology of Mental Illness ◽

10.1093/med/9780199934959.003.0002 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 12-26

Author(s):

Ariel Y. Deutch ◽

Robert H. Roth

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Psychiatric Disorders ◽

Neurotrophic Factors ◽

Drugs Of Abuse ◽

Large Majority ◽

System P ◽

Target Neuron ◽

Chapter 2 describes the neurochemical organization of the brain. It summarizes the diverse types of molecules that neurons in the brain use as neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors, and how these molecules are synthesized and metabolized. The chapter also presents the array of receptor proteins through which these molecules regulate target neuron functioning and the reuptake proteins that generally terminate the neurotransmitter signal. Today a large majority of all drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders, as well as most drugs of abuse, still have as their initial targets proteins involved directly in neurotransmitter function.

Developmental Overview of Central Neuroanatomy

10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Peggy Mason

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Nervous System ◽

Cerebral Cortex ◽

Neural Tube ◽

Dorsal Telencephalon ◽

Adult Spinal Cord ◽

The central nervous system develops from a proliferating tube of cells and retains a tubular organization in the adult spinal cord and brain, including the forebrain. Failure of the neural tube to close at the front is lethal, whereas failure to close the tube at the back end produces spina bifida, a serious neural tube defect. Swellings in the neural tube develop into the hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon, and telencephalon. The diencephalon sends an outpouching out of the cranium to form the retina, providing an accessible window onto the brain. The dorsal telencephalon forms the cerebral cortex, which in humans is enormously expanded by growth in every direction. Running through the embryonic neural tube is an internal lumen that becomes the cerebrospinal fluid–containing ventricular system. The effects of damage to the spinal cord and forebrain are compared with respect to impact on self and potential for improvement.

In and Out of the Central Nervous System

10.1093/med/9780190614966.003.0007 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Michael J. Aminoff

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Experimental Approach ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

Motor Functions ◽

System P ◽

Experimental Findings ◽

In 1811, Bell had printed privately a monograph titled Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain. In it, Bell correctly showed that the anterior but not the posterior roots had motor functions. François Magendie subsequently showed that the anterior roots were motor, and the posterior roots were sensory. This led to a dispute about priority during which Bell republished some of his early work with textual alterations to support his claims. Bell was involved in a similar dispute with Herbert Mayo concerning the separate functions of the fifth (sensory) and seventh (motor) cranial nerves, and Mayo today is a forgotten man. In both instances, Bell deserves credit for the concepts and initial experimental approach, and Magendie and Mayo deserve credit for obtaining and correctly interpreting the definitive experimental findings.

The area postrema plays no role in the pressor action of angiotensin in the rat

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1980.239.1.h108 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 239 (1) ◽

pp. H108-H113 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. R. Haywood ◽

G. D. Fink ◽

J. Buggy ◽

M. I. Phillips ◽

M. J. Brody

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Nervous System ◽

Carotid Arteries ◽

Area Postrema ◽

Renal Hypertension ◽

Conscious Rat ◽

Pressor Activity ◽

The area postrema has been shown to have a major role in mediating the pressor effects of peripheral angiotensin in the dog, cat, and rabbit. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the function of the medullary circumventricular structure in the conscious rat. The pressor potency of angiotensin administered into the vertebral and carotid arteries was compared with intra-aortic infusions of angiotensin. Although no difference in pressor activity of angiotensin could be detected between intraaortic and intravertebral administration, greater sensitivity was observed during intracarotid infusion. No difference in the course of one-kidney renal hypertension was observed between sham-lesioned rats and animals with an area postrema lesion. In addition, lesioned and sham-lesioned animals showed equivalent responses to graded doses of angiotensin administered either intravenously or into the lateral ventricle. It was concluded that in the rat the area postrema plays no role in mediating the central nervous system actions of angiotensin whether the peptide reaches the brain via the blood or the cerebrospinal fluid.

Infectious Progression of Canine Distemper Virus from Circulating Cerebrospinal Fluid into the Central Nervous System

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01337-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 90 (20) ◽

pp. 9285-9292 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Akiko Takenaka ◽

Hiroki Sato ◽

Fusako Ikeda ◽

Misako Yoneda ◽

Chieko Kai

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Nervous System ◽

Hippocampal Formation ◽

Target Cells ◽

Canine Distemper ◽

P Gene ◽

The Brain ◽

Parental Mouse

ABSTRACTIn the current study, we generated recombinant chimeric canine distemper viruses (CDVs) by replacing the hemagglutinin (H) and/or phosphoprotein (P) gene in an avirulent strain expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) with those of a mouse-adapted neurovirulent strain. Anin vitroexperimental infection indicated that the chimeric CDVs possessing the H gene derived from the mouse-adapted CDV acquired infectivity for neural cells. These cells lack the CDV receptors that have been identified to date (SLAM and nectin-4), indicating that the H protein defines infectivity in various cell lines. The recombinant viruses were administered intracerebrally to 1-week-old mice. Fatal neurological signs of disease were observed only with a recombinant CDV that possessed both the H and P genes of the mouse-adapted strain, similar to the parental mouse-adapted strain, suggesting that both genes are important to drive virulence of CDV in mice. Using this recombinant CDV, we traced the intracerebral propagation of CDV by detecting EGFP. Widespread infection was observed in the cerebral hemispheres and brainstems of the infected mice. In addition, EGFP fluorescence in the brain slices demonstrated a sequential infectious progression in the central nervous system: CDV primarily infected the neuroependymal cells lining the ventricular wall and the neurons of the hippocampus and cortex adjacent to the ventricle, and it then progressed to an extensive infection of the brain surface, followed by the parenchyma and cortex. In the hippocampal formation, CDV spread in a unidirectional retrograde pattern along neuronal processes in the hippocampal formation from the CA1 region to the CA3 region and the dentate gyrus. Our mouse model demonstrated that the main target cells of CDV are neurons in the acute phase and that the virus spreads via neuronal transmission pathways in the hippocampal formation.IMPORTANCECDV is the etiological agent of distemper in dogs and other carnivores, and in many respects, the pathogenesis of CDV infection in animals resembles that of measles virus infection in humans. We successfully generated a recombinant CDV containing the H and P genes from a mouse-adapted neurovirulent strain and expressing EGFP. The recombinant CDV exhibited severe neurovirulence with high mortality, comparable to the parental mouse-adapted strain. The mouse-infectious model could become a useful tool for analyzing CDV infection of the central nervous system subsequent to passing through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and infectious progression in the target cells in acute disease.

Aino Virus Antigen in Brain Lesions of a Naturally Aborted Bovine Fetus

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1177/030098589803500511 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 409-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Y. Noda ◽

Y. Uchinuno ◽

H. Shirakawa ◽

S. Nagasue ◽

N. Nagano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Nervous System ◽

Brain Lesion ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Virus Antigen ◽

Brain Lesions ◽

Significant Feature ◽

A bovine fetus aborted at 187 days of gestation was serologically and immunohistopathologically examined. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples had high titers of virus-neutralizing antibody for Aino virus. A severe necrotizing encephalopathy was noted. Aino virus antigen was demonstrated in neuroglial cells within the brain lesion. The destruction of developing neuronal cells appeared to be a significant feature of the pathogenesis of lesions due to Aino virus infection in the central nervous system.

A Nonlinear Biphasic Hyperelastic Model for Acute Hydrocephalus

ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/sbc2008-192865 ◽

2008 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joshua H. Smith ◽

Jose Jaime García

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Nervous System ◽

Ventricular Pressure ◽

Csf Flow ◽

Acute Hydrocephalus ◽

Hyperelastic Model ◽

The Brain ◽

Significant Increment

The cerebrospinal fluid present in the central nervous system plays an important role in the physiological activities and protection of the brain. Disruptions of CSF flow lead to different forms of a disease known as hydrocephalus, characterized by a significant increment of the ventricular space. In acute hydrocephalus the Sylvius aqueduct is blocked and ventricular pressure is greatly increased.

The role of metabolites and the role of histo-hematological barriers in the regulation of body functions. (End)

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kazmj70453 ◽

1937 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 523-532

Author(s):

L. S. Stern

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Nervous System ◽

General Circulation ◽

Physiological State ◽

The State ◽

The Brain ◽

Physiological Systems

Evaluation of the results obtained in the study of the effect of cerebrospinal fluid on various physiological systems is complicated by the fact that the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid depends to a large extent on the state of the blood-brain barrier, and thus reflects not only a certain physiological state of the central nervous system. There is no doubt that the metabolic products of the brain, secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid, exert their effect not only on the activity of various parts of the brain and on the coordination of their functions, but due to the rapid transition of these substances from the cerebrospinal fluid into the general circulation, they also affect as a humoral a factor on the function of other physiological systems, as it was revealed in a number of experiments carried out in recent years in our laboratories. For example, it turned out that under various influences (direct irritation of the central nervous system in experimental epilepsy, irritation of the sensory nerves associated with severe pain, traumatic shock, toxemic or chemical shock, as well as starvation, prolonged insomnia, etc.) - substances appear in the cerebrospinal fluid that affect the state and activity of the cardiovascular system, the tone of smooth muscles, the excitability of the central nervous system, etc. These are the results of the work of our employees: Zeitlin, Weiss, Harles, Voskresensky, Gromakovskaya , Bazarova, Gotsman, Komarova and others. Work in this direction continues at the present time.

Streptococcus pneumoniae Causes Experimental Meningitis following Intranasal and Otitis Media Infections via a Nonhematogenous Route

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.69.12.7318-7325.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 69 (12) ◽

pp. 7318-7325 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Andrea Marra ◽

Daniel Brigham

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Nervous System ◽

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Intranasal Inoculation ◽

Human Infections ◽

The Brain ◽

Do So

ABSTRACT Using two different animal models of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, we have demonstrated that this organism is able to spread to the central nervous system and cause meningitis by bypassing the bloodstream. Following respiratory tract infection induced via intranasal inoculation, bacteria were rapidly found in the bloodstream and brains in the majority of infected mice. A similar pattern of dissemination occurred following otitis media infection via transbullar injection of gerbils. However, a small percentage of animals infected by either route showed no bacteria in the blood and yet did have significant numbers of bacteria in brain tissue. Subsequent experiments using a galU mutant of S. pneumoniae, which is impaired in its ability to disseminate to the bloodstream following infection, showed that this organism is able to spread to the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. These results demonstrate that, unlike many bacterial pathogens that cause meningitis, S. pneumoniae is able to do so independent of bloodstream involvement upon different routes of infection. This may address the difficulty in treating human infections caused by this organism.