In and Out of the Central Nervous System

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Aminoff
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
The Brain

In 1811, Bell had printed privately a monograph titled Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain. In it, Bell correctly showed that the anterior but not the posterior roots had motor functions. François Magendie subsequently showed that the anterior roots were motor, and the posterior roots were sensory. This led to a dispute about priority during which Bell republished some of his early work with textual alterations to support his claims. Bell was involved in a similar dispute with Herbert Mayo concerning the separate functions of the fifth (sensory) and seventh (motor) cranial nerves, and Mayo today is a forgotten man. In both instances, Bell deserves credit for the concepts and initial experimental approach, and Magendie and Mayo deserve credit for obtaining and correctly interpreting the definitive experimental findings.

Neurochemical Systems in the Central Nervous System

2013 ◽  
pp. 12-26
Author(s):  
Ariel Y. Deutch ◽  
Robert H. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
System P ◽  
Target Neuron ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Chapter 2 describes the neurochemical organization of the brain. It summarizes the diverse types of molecules that neurons in the brain use as neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors, and how these molecules are synthesized and metabolized. The chapter also presents the array of receptor proteins through which these molecules regulate target neuron functioning and the reuptake proteins that generally terminate the neurotransmitter signal. Today a large majority of all drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders, as well as most drugs of abuse, still have as their initial targets proteins involved directly in neurotransmitter function.

scholarly journals RECURRENT MENINGIOMA AFTER INITIAL RESECTION SURGERY – CASE REPORT

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-241
Author(s):  
Ioana Cociasu ◽  
◽  
Irene Davidescu ◽  
Ioan Buraga ◽  
Bogdan O. Popescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Brain Tumour ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Medical Advice ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Initial Resection

The most common tumours of the central nervous system, meningiomas are frequently diagnosed by accident when patients undergo imaging studies of the brain for other reasons. Most patients lack symptoms and thus can live their whole lives without knowing they have a brain tumour. Less fortunate patients seek medical advice for troubling symptoms – like seizures or disturbances of the cranial nerves – get surgery for the excision of the tumour and years later fi nd out their tumour has come back. We are presenting the case of such a patient with a recurrent parietal meningioma.

Central nervous system

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Devlin ◽  
Rebecca Craven
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Local Anaesthetics ◽  
Systematic Desensitization ◽  
Nerve Blocks ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Drug Problems

The central nervous system (CNS) in relation to dentistry is the topic of this chapter. Nerve conduction is described, then the physiology of facial and dental pain and processing of afferent pain nerve impulses in the cerebral cortex. We discuss abnormal sensations of allodynia and paraesthesia. Pain control with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or paracetamol is explained. The function of the cranial nerves and the autonomic nervous system are described. We explain the nerve pathways involved in salivation, lachrymation, and taste sensation. We propose some techniques for treating the nervous patient, e.g. modelling, systematic desensitization, and feedback. Effective local anaesthesia is essential in gaining the cooperation of nervous patients. The major types of local anaesthetics are compared. The techniques for inferior alveolar and superior alveolar nerve blocks are described as are drugs commonly used in dental sedation. There are final sections on drug problems encountered in dental practice and on dementia.

scholarly journals Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg, C. B. E. 19 November 1900—23 October 1993

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 145-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Bisset ◽  
T. V. P. Bliss
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Working Life ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg, one of the greatest neuropharmacologists of the 20th century, was born in Hamburg on 19 November 1900. During a working life of 65 years, he published over 350 papers. His early work in Berlin on the pharmacology of histamine and acetylcholine was followed in the 1930s by his fundamental work with Dale, which finally established the chemical nature of synaptic transmission in the peripheral nervous system. In later years he turned to the central nervous system, introducing a new and widely adopted experimental approach to elucidate the site and mode of action of drugs in the brain.

scholarly journals Bedaquiline has potential for targeting tuberculosis reservoirs in the central nervous system

RSC Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (22) ◽  
pp. 11902-11907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annapurna Pamreddy ◽  
Sooraj Baijnath ◽  
Tricia Naicker ◽  
Sphamandla Ntshangase ◽  
Sipho Mdanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Imaging ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
System P ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Bedaquiline (BDQ) was administered to healthy Sprague-Dawley rats in order to determine its localisation in the brain using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). This study shows that BDQ has the potential for targeting TB reservoirs in the CNS.

Infections of the Central Nervous System

2012 ◽  
pp. 319-340
Author(s):  
Michael R. Keating
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Chronic Encephalitis ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Shunt Infections

Infections of the central nervous system include meninigitis (acute and chronic), encephalitis, myelitis, abscesses, and cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. Meningitis is diagnosed by the presence of white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain caused by infection. Myelitis is infection or inflammation of the spinal cord. The diagnosis and treatment of various types of central nervous system infections are reviewed.

Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: an underestimated cause of hearing loss

1997 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Castelli ◽  
A. Husband
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Sensorineural Deafness ◽  
Superficial Siderosis ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSuperficial siderosis of the central nervous system (CNS) is a rare disease resulting in the accumulation of haemosiderin in the meninges, the brain surface, the spinal cord and the cranial nerves. The pigment is deposited as a result of chronic bleeding in the subarachnoid space. This produces a clinical picture of deafness, ataxia, cranial nerve deficits and in the latest stages dementia. In some cases the source of bleeding can be identified, whilst in others it can not. Despite its rarity the disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sensorineural deafness, particularly as it is a progressive and in some cases curable disease which is easily diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this case report the haemosiderin was derived from an ependymoma of the fourth ventricle with extension into the cerebello-pontine angle. The first symptom was a worsening sensorineural hearing loss.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

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