Sex-Specific Physical Performance Adaptive Responses Are Elicited After 10 Weeks of Load Carriage Conditioning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodie A Wills ◽  
David J Saxby ◽  
Daniel J Glassbrook ◽  
Timothy L A Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Load Carriage ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Squat Jump ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Squat Jumps

ABSTRACT Introduction The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize sex-specific physical and psychophysical performance adaptations in response to a novel 10-week training program. Materials and Methods Fifteen males and thirteen females completed a standardized load carriage task (5 km at 5.5 km.h−1, wearing a 23 kg torso-borne vest) before and after 10 weeks of resistance and load carriage training. Psychophysical responses (i.e., heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion) were measured throughout the load carriage task. Physical performance (i.e., countermovement and squat jumps, push-ups, sit-ups, and beep test) was measured at before, mid-way, and after the training program (weeks 0, 6, and 11, respectively). Results Training elicited significant improvements in squat jump maximal force, push-ups, and beep test performance (P < .05). Males outperformed females in all performance measures, with interactions (time, sex) for push-ups, sit-ups, and beep test performance. After training, aerobic capacity improved by 5.4% (42.9 mL· kg−1· min−1 to 45.2 mL· kg−1· min−1) in males but did not improve in females. Psychophysical responses decreased for both sexes (P < .05) during the load carriage task post-training. Conclusion While 10 weeks of standardized training elicited positive adaptations in both physical and psychophysical performance, sex-specific differences were still evident. To lessen these differences, sex-specific training should be considered to optimize load carriage performance.

scholarly journals Different Pathways Leading up to the Same Futsal Competition: Individual and Inter-Team Variability in Loading Patterns and Preseason Training Adaptations

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Anderson Teixeira ◽  
Renan Nunes ◽  
Javier Yanci ◽  
Pascal Izzicupo ◽  
Lucinar Forner Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Power Characteristics ◽  
Training Adaptations ◽  
Loading Patterns ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Squat Jumps

During the preseason, futsal players deal with large internal load, which may result in a reduction in physical performance. The aims of this study were to compare the session rating of perceived exertion training load (s-RPE TL) during the preseason between two teams; and to analyze the changes on the delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), aerobic- and speed-power characteristics in players accumulating different s-RPE TL (Low (LTL) vs. High (HTL)). Twenty-eight players (Team A, n = 15; Team B, n = 13) were recruited. The s-RPE TL was monitored throughout the preseason phase (five weeks) in both teams. The coaches of each team planned the activities that comprised their training programs, without any interference from the researchers. Team A evaluated countermovement jumps (CMJ) and DOMS weekly. Team B performed squat jumps (SJ), CMJ, 5 m and 15 m sprints, and a futsal intermittent endurance test (PVFIET) before and after the preseason. Team B accumulated an almost-certainly greater s-RPE TL than Team A. In Team A, the CMJ height was likely to almost certainly improved for the HTL group from week 3. In Team B, the 5 m and 15 m sprint likely decreased after the preseason. Changes in 5 m (r = −0.61) and 15 m (r = −0.56) were correlated with total s-RPE TL. Changes in PVFIET were positively associated with changes in sprint, but inversely related to the baseline. s-RPE TL differed between both teams, and substantial gains in neuromuscular performance were observed for the HTL group in Team A. Slower and faster players in Team B showed distinct intermittent-endurance and speed adaptive responses during the high-volume preseason.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular responses and perceived exertion of young adults to head and shoulder load carriage

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
A.Y. Oyeyemi ◽  
Z.D. Umar ◽  
A. Lawan ◽  
A.L. Oyeyemi ◽  
A.A. Akanbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Load Carriage ◽  
Rate Pressure Product ◽  
Load Testing ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Before And After

Objective: To determine the cardiovascular responses and perceived exertion of young adults walking and carrying a load of 10 kg on shoulder and the head.Method: Healthy participants (n=50) between the ages of 21 and 27 were subjected to three testing sessions at self-selected normal pace without load, and carrying a 10 kg load on the shoulder and on the head for 10 minutes. Cardiovascular parameters and their ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured before and after testing at each session.Results: Higher pulse pressure (correlates of stroke volume) and rate pressure product (index of myocardial oxygen uptake) values were observed following load on shoulder testing compared to no load testing values and a higher RPE value was observed for load on shoulder testing when compared to load on head testing.Conclusion: It is conceivable that carrying load on the head can potentially be more economical than carrying load on the shoulder for this cohort of young adults. Keywords: Cardiovascular responses, perceived exertion, load carrying, rural communities

scholarly journals Effects of Short-Term Plyometric Training on Agility, Jump and Repeated Sprint Performance in Female Soccer Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2274
Author(s):  
Marcin Maciejczyk ◽  
Renata Błyszczuk ◽  
Aleksander Drwal ◽  
Beata Nowak ◽  
Marek Strzała
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Squat Jump ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Before And After

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of short-term (4 weeks, twice a week: 8 sessions) plyometric training on agility, jump, and repeated sprint performance in female soccer players. The study comprised 17 females performing this sports discipline. The players were randomly divided into two groups: with plyometric training (PLY) and the control (CON). All players followed the same training program, but the PLY group also performed plyometric exercises. Tests used to evaluate physical performance were carried out immediately before and after PLY. After implementing the short PLY training, significant improvement in jump performance (squat jump: p = 0.04, ES = 0.48, countermovement jump: p = 0.009, ES = 0.42) and agility (p = 0.003, ES = 0.7) was noted in the PLY group. In the CON group, no significant (p > 0.05) changes in physical performance were observed. In contrast, PLY did not improve repeated sprint performance (p > 0.05) among female soccer players. In our research, it was shown that PLY can also be effective when performed for only 4 weeks instead of the 6–12 weeks typically applied.

scholarly journals Effects of Playing Surface on Physical, Physiological, and Perceptual Responses to a Repeated-Sprint Ability Test: Natural Grass Versus Artificial Turf

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1219-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achraf Ammar ◽  
Stephen J. Bailey ◽  
Omar Hammouda ◽  
Khaled Trabelsi ◽  
Nabil Merzigui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Artificial Turf ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Repeated Sprint Ability ◽  
Natural Grass ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Feeling Scale

Purpose: The effect of playing surface on physical performance during a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test and the mechanisms for any potential playing-surface-dependent effects on RSA performance are equivocal. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of natural grass (NG) and artificial turf (AT) on physical performance, ratings of perceived exertion, feeling scale, and blood biomarkers related to anaerobic contribution (blood lactate [Lac]), muscle damage (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), inflammation (C-reactive protein), and immune function (neutrophils [NEU], lymphocytes [LYM], and monocytes) in response to an RSA test. Methods: A total of 9 male professional football players from the same regional team completed 2 sessions of RSA testing (6 × 30 s interspersed with a 35-s recovery) on NG and AT in a randomized order. During the RSA test, total (sum of distances) and peak (highest distance covered in a single repetition) distance covered were determined using a measuring tape, and the decrement in sprinting performance from the first to the last repetition was calculated. Before and after the RSA test, ratings of perceived exertion, feeling scale, and Lac, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, NEU, LYM, and monocytes were recorded in both NG and AT conditions. Results: Although physical performance declined during the RSA blocks on both surfaces (P = .001), the distance covered declined more on NG (15%) than on AT (11%; P = .04; effect size [ES] = −0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.21 to 0.56) with a higher total distance covered (+6% [2%]) on AT (P = .018; ES = 1.15; 95% CI, 0.16 to 2.04). In addition, lower ratings of perceived exertion (P = .04; ES = −0.49; 95% CI, −1.36 to 0.42), Lac, NEU, and LYM (P = .03; ES = −0.80; 95% CI, −1.67 to 0.14; ES = −0.16; 95% CI, −1.03 to 0.72; and ES = −0.94; 95% CI, −1.82 to 0.02, respectively) and more positive feelings (P = .02; ES = 0.81; 95% CI, −0.13 to 1.69) were observed after the RSA test performed on AT than on NG. No differences were observed in the remaining physical and blood markers. Conclusion: These findings suggest that RSA performance is enhanced on AT compared with NG. This effect was accompanied by lower fatigue perception and Lac, NEU, and LYM and a more pleasurable feeling. These observations might have implications for physical performance in intermittent team-sport athletes who train and compete on different playing surfaces.

scholarly journals Effects of Slackline Training on Acceleration, Agility, Jump Performance and Postural Control in Youth Soccer Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-245
Author(s):  
Javier Fernández-Rio ◽  
Luis Santos ◽  
Benjamín Fernández-García ◽  
Roberto Robles ◽  
Iván Casquero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Squat Jump

AbstractThe goal of this study was to assess the effects of a supervised slackline training program in a group of soccer players. Thirty-four male division I under-19 players (16.64 ± 0.81 years) agreed to participate in the study. They were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG). The first group (EG) followed a 6-week supervised slackline training program (3 sessions/week; 5-9 min/session), while the CG performed only regular soccer training. Several variables were assessed in all participants: acceleration (20-m sprint test), agility (90º turns test), jump performance (squat jump, countermovement jump), and postural control (Center of Pressure ( CoP) testing: length, area, speed, Xmean, Ymean, Xspeed, Yspeed, Xdeviation, Ydeviation). Ratings of perceived exertion and local muscle ratings of perceived exertions were also recorded after each slackline training session. At post-tests, there was a significant increase only in the EG in acceleration, agility, squat jump and countermovement jump performance, as well as several CoP variables: area in the bipedal support on a firm surface, and length, area and speed in the left leg on a firm surface. The program was rated as “somewhat hard” by the players, while quadriceps, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior were the most exerted muscles while slacklining. In conclusion, slackline training can be an effective training tool for young, high-level soccer players.

scholarly journals Physical Performance Differences Between Starter and Non‐Starter Players During Professional Soccer Friendly Matches

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús V. Giménez ◽  
Anthony S. Leicht ◽  
Miguel A. Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Performance Differences ◽  
Average Acceleration ◽  
Acceleration And Deceleration

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the physical performance differences between players that started (i.e. starters, ≥65 minutes played) and those that were substituted into (i.e. non‐starter) soccer friendly matches. Fourteen professional players (age: 23.2 ± 2.7 years, body height: 178 ± 6 cm, body mass: 73.2 ± 6.9 kg) took part in this study. Twenty, physical performance‐related match variables (e.g. distance covered at different intensities, accelerations and decelerations, player load, maximal running speed, exertion index, work‐to‐rest ratio and rating of perceived exertion) were collected during two matches. Results were analysed using effect sizes (ES) and magnitude based inferences. Compared to starters, non‐starters covered greater match distance within the following intensity categories: >3.3≤4.2m/s (very likely), >4.2≤5 m/s (likely) and >5≤6.9 m/s (likely). In contrast, similar match average acceleration and deceleration values were identified for starters and non‐starters (trivial). Indicators of workloads including player loads (very likely), the exertion index (very likely), and the work–to‐rest ratio (very likely) were greater, while self‐ reported ratings of perceived exertion were lower (likely) for non‐starters compared to starters. The current study demonstrates that substantial physical performance differences during friendly soccer matches exist between starters and non‐starters. Identification of these differences enables coaches and analysts to potentially prescribe optimal training loads and microcycles based upon player’s match starting status.

Mental Fatigue: Impairment of Technical Performance in Small-Sided Soccer Games

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1100-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver O. Badin ◽  
Mitchell R. Smith ◽  
Daniele Conte ◽  
Aaron J. Coutts
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Computer Based

Purpose:To assess the effects of mental fatigue on physical and technical performance in small-sided soccer games. Methods:Twenty soccer players (age 17.8 ± 1.0 y, height 179 ± 5 cm, body mass 72.4 ± 6.8 kg, playing experience 8.3 ± 1.4 y) from an Australian National Premier League soccer club volunteered to participate in this randomized crossover investigation. Participants played 15-min 5-vs-5 small-sided games (SSGs) without goalkeepers on 2 occasions separated by 1 wk. Before the SSG, 1 team watched a 30-min emotionally neutral documentary (control), while the other performed 30 min of a computer-based Stroop task (mental fatigue). Subjective ratings of mental and physical fatigue were recorded before and after treatment and after the SSG. Motivation was assessed before treatment and SSG; mental effort was assessed after treatment and SSG. Player activity profiles and heart rate (HR) were measured throughout the SSG, whereas ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were recorded before the SSG and immediately after each half. Video recordings of the SSG allowed for notational analysis of technical variables. Results:Subjective ratings of mental fatigue and effort were higher after the Stroop task, whereas motivation for the upcoming SSG was similar between conditions. HR during the SSG was possibly higher in the control condition, whereas RPE was likely higher in the mental-fatigue condition. Mental fatigue had an unclear effect on most physical-performance variables but impaired most technical-performance variables. Conclusions:Mental fatigue impairs technical but not physical performance in small-sided soccer games.

Rating of Perceived Exertion in Young, Sedentary Adults Before and After an Aerobic Training Program

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S124-S125
Author(s):  
Felipe Lobelo ◽  
John Duperly ◽  
Andres Espinosa ◽  
Diana Parra ◽  
Sandra Cabezas
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Before And After

Rating of Perceived Exertion in Young, Sedentary Adults Before and After an Aerobic Training Program

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S124???S125
Author(s):  
Felipe Lobelo ◽  
John Duperly ◽  
Andres Espinosa ◽  
Diana Parra ◽  
Sandra Cabezas
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Before And After

Hormonal, Physiological, and Physical Performance During Simulated Kickboxing Combat: Differences Between Winners and Losers

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Ouergui ◽  
Philip Davis ◽  
Nizar Houcine ◽  
Hamza Marzouki ◽  
Monia Zaouali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
National Level ◽  
Wingate Test ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mental Abilities ◽  
Physical Responses

The aim of the current study was to investigate the hormonal, physiological, and physical responses of simulated kickboxing competition and evaluate if there was a difference between winners and losers. Twenty athletes of regional and national level participated in the study (mean ± SD age 21.3 ± 2.7 y, height 170.0 ± 5.0 cm). Hormone (cortisol, testosterone, growth hormone), blood lactate [La], and glucose concentrations, as well as upper-body Wingate test and countermovement-jump (CMJ) performances, were measured before and after combats. Heart rate (HR) was measured throughout rounds 1, 2, and 3 and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was taken after each round. All combats were recorded and analyzed to determine the length of different activity phases (high-intensity, low-intensity, and referee pause) and the frequency of techniques. Hormones, glucose, [La], HR, and RPE increased (all P < .001) precombat to postcombat, while a decrease was observed for CMJ, Wingate test performance, body mass (all P < .001), and time of high-intensity activities (P = .005). There was no difference between winners and losers for hormonal, physiological, and physical variables (P > .05). However, winners executed more jab cross, total punches, roundhouse kicks, total kicks, and total attacking techniques (all P < .042) than losers. Kickboxing is an intermittent physically demanding sport that induces changes in the stress-related hormones soliciting the anaerobic lactic system. Training should be oriented to enhance kickboxers’ anaerobic lactic fitness and their ability to strike at a sufficient rate. Further investigation is needed to identify possible differences in tactical and mental abilities that offer some insight into what makes winners winners.

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