scholarly journals What has quenched the massive spiral galaxies?

2020 ◽  
Vol 496 (1) ◽  
pp. L116-L121
Author(s):  
Yu Luo ◽  
Zongnan Li ◽  
Xi Kang ◽  
Zhiyuan Li ◽  
Peng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Spiral Galaxies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Mass Range ◽  
Sloan Digital Sky Survey ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Quenching Mechanism ◽  
Massive Black Holes ◽  
Hydrodynamical Simulations

ABSTRACT Quenched massive spiral galaxies have attracted great attention recently, as more data are available to constrain their environment and cold gas content. However, the quenching mechanism is still uncertain, as it depends on the mass range and baryon budget of the galaxy. In this letter, we report the identification of a rare population of very massive, quenched spiral galaxies with stellar mass ≳1011 M⊙ and halo mass ≳1013 M⊙ from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey at redshift z ∼ 0.1. Our CO observations using the IRAM (Institute for Radio Astronomy in the Millimeter Range) 30-m telescope show that these galaxies contain only a small amount of molecular gas. Similar galaxies are also seen in the state-of-the-art semi-analytical models and hydrodynamical simulations. It is found from these theoretical models that these quenched spiral galaxies harbour massive black holes, suggesting that feedback from the central black holes has quenched these spiral galaxies. This quenching mechanism seems to challenge the popular scenario of the co-evolution between massive black holes and massive bulges.

scholarly journals The Sub-Eddington Boundary for the Quasar Mass–Luminosity Plane: A Theoretical Perspective

Universe ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Garofalo ◽  
Damian J. Christian ◽  
Andrew M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Sloan Digital Sky Survey ◽  
Black Hole Mass ◽  
Massive Black Holes ◽  
Sky Survey ◽  
Data Release ◽  
Gap Paradigm

By exploring more than sixty thousand quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 5, Steinhardt & Elvis discovered a sub-Eddington boundary and a redshift-dependent drop-off at higher black hole mass, possible clues to the growth history of massive black holes. Our contribution to this special issue of Universe amounts to an application of a model for black hole accretion and jet formation to these observations. For illustrative purposes, we include ~100,000 data points from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 where the sub-Eddington boundary is also visible and propose a theoretical picture that explains these features. By appealing to thin disk theory and both the lower accretion efficiency and the time evolution of jetted quasars compared to non-jetted quasars in our “gap paradigm”, we explain two features of the sub-Eddington boundary. First, we show that a drop-off on the quasar mass-luminosity plane for larger black hole mass occurs at all redshifts. But the fraction of jetted quasars is directly related to the merger function in this paradigm, which means the jetted quasar fraction drops with decrease in redshift, which allows us to explain a second feature of the sub-Eddington boundary, namely a redshift dependence of the slope of the quasar mass–luminosity boundary at high black hole mass stemming from a change in radiative efficiency with time. We are able to reproduce the mass dependence of, as well as the oscillating behavior in, the slope of the sub-Eddington boundary as a function of time. The basic physical idea involves retrograde accretion occurring only for a subset of the more massive black holes, which implies that most spinning black holes in our model are prograde accretors. In short, this paper amounts to a qualitative overview of how a sub-Eddington boundary naturally emerges in the gap paradigm.

scholarly journals A universal 21 cm signature of growing massive black holes in the early Universe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sazonov ◽  
I Khabibullin
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Generation X ◽  
Mass Range ◽  
Gravitational Potential Energy ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Massive Black Holes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Extreme Uv ◽  
Square Kilometer Array

Abstract There is a hope that looking into the early Universe with next-generation telescopes, one will be able to observe the early accretion growth of supermassive black holes (BHs) when their masses were ∼104–106M⊙. According to the standard accretion theory, the bulk of the gravitational potential energy released by radiatively efficient accretion of matter onto a BH in this mass range is expected to be emitted in the extreme UV–ultrasoft X-ray bands. We demonstrate that such a ’miniquasar’ at z ∼ 15 should leave a specific, localized imprint on the 21 cm cosmological signal. Namely, its position on the sky will be surrounded by a region with a fairly sharp boundary of several arcmin radius, within which the 21 cm brightness temperature quickly grows inwards from the background value of ∼−250 mK to ∼+30 mK. The size of this region is only weakly sensitive to the BH mass, so that the flux density of the excess 21 cm signal is expected to be ∼0.1–0.2 mJy at z ∼ 15 and should be detectable by the Square Kilometer Array. We argue that an optimal strategy would be to search for such signals from high-z miniquasar candidates that can be found and localized with a next-generation X-ray mission such as Lynx. A detection of the predicted 21 cm signal would provide a measurement of the growing BH’s redshift to within Δz/(1 + z) ≲ 0.01.

scholarly journals Feedback from central massive black holes in galaxies using cosmological simulations

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (S359) ◽  
pp. 35-36
Author(s):  
Paramita Barai
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Star Formation ◽  
Galaxy Evolution ◽  
Supermassive Black Holes ◽  
Active Galaxies ◽  
Host Galaxies ◽  
Massive Black Holes ◽  
Energy Feedback ◽  
Hydrodynamical Simulations ◽  
Gas Accretion

AbstractGas accretion onto central supermassive black holes of active galaxies and resulting energy feedback, is an important component of galaxy evolution, whose details are still unknown especially at early cosmic epochs. We investigate BH growth and feedback in quasar-host galaxies at z ⩾ 6 by performing cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. We simulate the 2R200 region around a 2 × 1012Mʘ halo at z = 6, inside a (500 Mpc)3 comoving volume, using the zoom-in technique. We find that BHs accrete gas at the Eddington rate over z = 9–6. At z = 6, our most-massive BH has grown to MBH = 4 × 109 Mʘ. Star-formation is quenched over z = 8–6.

scholarly journals Black hole spin evolution in warped accretion discs

2020 ◽  
Vol 500 (3) ◽  
pp. 3719-3727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elia Cenci ◽  
Luca Sala ◽  
Alessandro Lupi ◽  
Pedro R Capelo ◽  
Massimo Dotti
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Time ◽  
Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Accretion Disc ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Massive Black Holes ◽  
Spin Evolution ◽  
Hydrodynamical Simulations ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Gas Accretion

ABSTRACT Massive black holes (BHs) inhabiting galactic nuclei can be described by two parameters only, i.e. mass and spin, that change through cosmic time in response to accretion and merger events. While most numerical simulations accurately track the BH mass, spin evolution is rarely taken into account. In this work, we implement and validate a self-consistent sub-grid model for the evolution of the BH mass and spin via gas accretion in the hydrodynamics code gizmo. The model assumes that accretion from resolved scales does not occur instantaneously but is mediated by a sub-grid geometrically thin α-disc. After validating our model semi-analytically, we test it in an idealized environment consisting of a circumnuclear disc, where gas accretion on to the accretion disc is consistently determined by gizmo. In the absence of any accretion-related feedback, the spin evolution closely traces that observed in the semi-analytical models, and depends on the free parameters of our implementation, such as the initial BH spin, angular momentum of the accretion disc, and radius at which the gas inflow circularizes. In gizmo, we also couple our model with the biconical-outflow model presented in a companion paper, wherein the feedback axis is always aligned with the BH spin. In this last case, the evolution of the central BH differs significantly from the previous cases, since the feedback process modifies the gas dynamics and its inflow rates from resolved scales. Such an interaction cannot be modelled by simple semi-analytical models and should be treated using full N-body hydrodynamical simulations.

scholarly journals Intermediate-mass black hole growth and feedback in dwarf galaxies at high redshifts

2019 ◽  
Vol 487 (4) ◽  
pp. 5549-5563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paramita Barai ◽  
Elisabete M de Gouveia Dal Pino
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Star Formation ◽  
Cold Dark Matter ◽  
Dwarf Galaxies ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Mass Range ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
Host Galaxies ◽  
Intermediate Mass ◽  
Hydrodynamical Simulations

Abstract Intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs; masses between $100\rm{\, and \,}10^{6} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) historically comprise of an elusive population compared to stellar-mass and supermassive black holes (BHs). Recently, IMBHs have started to be observed at the centres of low-mass galaxies. We perform cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of $(2 \, h^{-1} ~ {\rm Mpc})^3$ comoving boxes and investigate the growth and feedback of central IMBHs in dwarf galaxies (DGs). The earliest BHs appear at z ∼ 18–25 and grow thereafter by accreting gas and by merger with other BHs. We find that, starting from $10^{2} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, it is possible to build up IMBHs of a few$\times 10^{5}\!-\!10^{6} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ by z = 5, when the BHs are seeded in haloes less massive than $4 \times 10^{7} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$. The BH accretion rates increase with time and reach $\dot{M}_{\rm BH} = (0.2\!-\!0.8) \dot{M}_{\rm Edd}$ for the massive IMBHs by z = 4. The star formation rate density (SFRD) evolution of the DGs (stellar mass $10^{5}\!-\!10^{8} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) has a peak plateau between z = 4 and 6. Star formation is quenched between z = 9 and 4. The SFRD is reduced by factors up to 3 when the BHs have grown to a few times $10^5 \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$. Even in the presence of stronger supernova (SN)-driven mass ejection, the BHs continue to grow up to z ∼ 6, sustained by gas inflows driven by galaxy mergers and interactions in a cosmological environment. Our conclusions, based on numerical simulation results, support the scenario that early feedback from IMBHs in gas-rich DGs at z = 5–8 can potentially solve several anomalies in the DG mass range within the concordance Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmological scenario (Silk 2017). Our results suggest that IMBHs at DG centres grow faster than their host galaxies in the early Universe, and the resulting BH feedback turns the DGs and the BHs dormant.

scholarly journals Black hole – Galaxy correlations in simba

2019 ◽  
Vol 487 (4) ◽  
pp. 5764-5780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Thomas ◽  
Romeel Davé ◽  
Daniel Anglés-Alcázar ◽  
Matt Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Mass Function ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Black Hole Mass ◽  
Massive Black Holes ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Rate Versus ◽  
Stellar Velocity

ABSTRACT We examine the co-evolution of galaxies and supermassive black holes in the simba cosmological hydrodynamic simulation. simba grows black holes via gravitational torque-limited accretion from cold gas and Bondi accretion from hot gas, while feedback from black holes is modelled in radiative and jet modes depending on the Eddington ratio (fEdd). simba shows generally good agreement with local studies of black hole properties, such as the black hole mass–stellar velocity dispersion (MBH–σ) relation, the black hole accretion rate versus star formation rate (BHAR–SFR), and the black hole mass function. MBH–σ evolves such that galaxies at a given MBH have higher σ at higher redshift, consistent with no evolution in MBH–M⋆. For $M_{\rm BH}\lesssim 10^8\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$, fEdd is anticorrelated with MBH since the BHAR is approximately independent of MBH, while at higher masses fEdd–MBH flattens and has a larger scatter. BHAR versus SFR is invariant with redshift, but fEdd drops steadily with time at a given MBH, such that all but the most massive black holes are accreting in a radiatively efficient mode at $z\gtrsim 2$. The black hole mass function amplitude decreases with redshift and is locally dominated by quiescent galaxies for MBH > 108 M⊙, but for $z\gtrsim 1$ star-forming galaxies dominate at all MBH. The z = 0 fEdd distribution is roughly lognormal with a peak at $f_{\rm Edd}\lesssim 0.01$ as observed, shifting to higher fEdd at higher redshifts. Finally, we study the dependence of black hole properties with H i content and find that the correlation between gas content and SFR is modulated by black hole properties, such that higher SFR galaxies at a given gas content have smaller black holes with higher fEdd.

scholarly journals Tidal disruption events from massive black hole binaries: predictions for ongoing and future surveys

2019 ◽  
Vol 488 (3) ◽  
pp. 4042-4060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Thorp ◽  
Eli Chadwick ◽  
Alberto Sesana
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Mass Range ◽  
Tidal Disruption ◽  
Massive Black Hole ◽  
Massive Black Holes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Black Hole Binaries ◽  
Survey Instruments

ABSTRACT We compute the expected cosmic rates of tidal disruption events (TDEs) induced by individual massive black holes (MBHs) and by MBH binaries (MBHBs) – with a specific focus on the latter class – to explore the potential of TDEs to probe the cosmic population of sub-pc MBHBs. Rates are computed by combining MBH and MBHB population models derived from large cosmological simulations with estimates of the induced TDE rates for each class of objects. We construct empirical TDE spectra that fit a large number of observations in the optical, UV, and X-ray and consider their observability by current and future survey instruments. Consistent with results in the literature, and depending on the detailed assumption of the model, we find that LSST and Gaia in optical and eROSITA in X-ray will observe a total of 3000–6000, 80–180, and 600–900 TDEs per year, respectively. Depending on the survey, 1 to several per cent of these are prompted by MBHBs. In particular, both LSST and eROSITA are expected to see 150–450 MBHB-induced TDEs in their respective mission lifetimes, including 5–100 repeated flares. The latter provide an observational sample of binary candidates with relatively low contamination and have the potential of unveiling the sub-pc population of MBHBs in the mass range $10^5\lt M\lt 10^7\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, thus informing future low-frequency gravitational wave observatories.

scholarly journals Can fermionic dark matter mimic supermassive black holes?

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 1943003 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Argüelles ◽  
A. Krut ◽  
J. A. Rueda ◽  
R. Ruffini
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Rotation Curve ◽  
Compact Object ◽  
Mass Range ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Massive Black Holes ◽  
Degeneracy Pressure ◽  
Relaxed System

We analyze the intriguing possibility of explaining both dark mass components in a galaxy: the dark matter (DM) halo and the supermassive dark compact object lying at the center, by a unified approach in terms of a quasi-relaxed system of massive, neutral fermions in general relativity. The solutions to the mass distribution of such a model that fulfill realistic halo boundary conditions inferred from observations, develop a high-density core supported by the fermion degeneracy pressure able to mimic massive black holes at the center of galaxies. Remarkably, these dense core-diluted halo configurations can explain the dynamics of the closest stars around Milky Way’s center (SgrA*) all the way to the halo rotation curve, without spoiling the baryonic bulge-disk components, for a narrow particle mass range [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]keV.

scholarly journals The mass assembly of high-redshift black holes

2020 ◽  
Vol 500 (2) ◽  
pp. 2146-2158
Author(s):  
Olmo Piana ◽  
Pratika Dayal ◽  
Marta Volonteri ◽  
Tirthankar Roy Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
High Redshift ◽  
Mass Range ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Black Hole Growth ◽  
Mass Assembly ◽  
Halo Masses ◽  
Gas Accretion

ABSTRACT We use the Delphi semi-analytic model to study the mass assembly and properties of high-redshift (z > 4) black holes over a wide mass range, $10^3 \lt M_{\rm bh}/{\rm \rm M_\odot }\lt 10^{10}$. Our black hole growth implementation includes a critical halo mass ($M_{\mathrm{ h}}^{\mathrm{ crit}}$) below which the black hole is starved and above which it is allowed to grow either at the Eddington limit or proportionally to the gas content of the galaxy. As a consequence, after an initial growth phase dominated by black hole mergers down to z ∼ 7 (9), supermassive black holes in z = 4 halo masses of $M_\mathrm{ h}|_{z=4} \sim 10^{11.75} \, (10^{13.4}) \, {\rm \rm M_\odot }$ mainly grow by gas accretion from the interstellar medium. In particular, we find that (i) while most of the accretion occurs in the major branch for $M_\mathrm{ h}|_{z=4} \sim 10^{11\!-\!12} \, {\rm \rm M_\odot }$ haloes, accretion in secondary branches plays a significant role in assembling the black hole mass in higher mass haloes ($M_\mathrm{ h}|_{z=4} \gtrsim 10^{12} \, {\rm \rm M_\odot }$); (ii) while the Eddington ratio increases with decreasing redshift for low-mass ($M_{\mathrm{ bh}} \lt 10^5 \, {\rm \rm M_\odot }$) black holes, it shows the opposite trend for larger masses. In addition, since the accretion rate depends on the gas mass present in the host halo, the duty cycle of the Eddington-limited accretion phase – which can last up to ≈650 Myr – is crucially linked to the joint assembly history of the black hole and its host halo.

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