scholarly journals Five Years of Vegetation Succession Following Vegetation Management Treatments in a Jack Pine Ecosystem

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 100-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Pitt ◽  
Andrée E. Morneault ◽  
Philip Bunce ◽  
F.Wayne Bell
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Fern Species ◽  
Crown Closure

Abstract Five years of data on vegetation dynamics and succession are provided for six operational release treatments applied to three 2- to 4-yr-old jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) plantations in central Ontario. Treatments included 3 yr of annual noncrop vegetation removal, conventional aerial spray with glyphosate (1.42 kg ae/ha), ground application of glyphosate with a mist blower, basal-bark application of triclopyr, motor-manual cutting (brush saw), and no treatment. Conventional aerial spraying and annual removal resulted in the greatest jack pine crop growth, with trees exceeding 90% crown closure, 7 cm in groundline diameter, and 3 m in height (stem volume index = 5.1 dm³) after 5 growing seasons. The cover of herbaceous plants was highest (30–50%) in the aerial spray plots during the observation period. Deciduous tree, shrub, and fern species remained well represented on these plots, although total cover and height were low (≤ 35% and 1 m, respectively). Mist-blower and brush-saw plots contained mid-sized pine (3.5 dm³) with 69% crown closure. In contrast, untreated and basal-bark plots contained the smallest pine (2.3 dm3 and 31% crown closure), likely caused by heavy competition and herbicide damage, respectively. On mist-blower and basal-bark plots, good height growth was observed on untreated deciduous trees; low-shrub and fern cover remained high (46 and 30%, respectively); and herbaceous cover increased gradually to 22%. On brush-saw plots, recovery of woody cover was rapid, but height growth was relatively slow. Deciduous trees and tall shrubs dominated untreated sites (> 70% cover) by the end of the fifth growing season. Successional trends suggest that aerial spray and annual removal treatments will produce pure jack pine stands at maturity; mist blower, basal bark, and brush-saw treatments may produce mixedwood stands; and untreated plots will likely be dominated by hardwoods. North. J. Appl. For. 17(3):100–109.

Seasonal susceptibility of boreal plants: red raspberry phenology as a bioindicator of optimum within-season timing of glyphosate applications

2007 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 733-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
F W Bell ◽  
D G Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Forest Managers

In Canada, forest managers operating under public licenses are under pressure from the public to cease using herbicides or at minimum reduce the quantity of active ingredient applied in the environment. Lacking in their decision-making toolbox is information about biological cues that could help optimize herbicide performance. In 1990, two rates of the herbicide glyphosate, 1.1 and 1.7 kg acid equivalent (a.e.) ha-1, were applied bi-weekly between July 21 and September 25 using a backpack sprayer to release jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings from red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim.) competition. On average, the higher application rate reduced raspberry cover by at least 6% more than the lower rate (p < 0.01). Control of raspberry was poor with the earliest application, peaked with mid- to late-summer applications, and decreased with late-season applications. Peak jack pine performance, as measured by stem volume index, followed a mid-August application at the low rate. Earlier applications resulted in substantial herbicide injury and later applications were not as effective at reducing raspberry competition. The optimum timing for jack pine performance corresponded with the period between the beginning of raspberry's floricane senescence (i.e., end of full flowering) and the initiation of primocane senescence (i.e., fruit maturation). Seedlings released in mid-August maintained a growth advantage over other seedlings from the fifth through to the tenth year of this study. Discerning forest managers may choose to use phenological cues from the target species, such as red raspberry, as a bioindicator of glyphosate efficacy. Key words: forest vegetation management, herbicides, herbicide efficacy, phenology, Pinus banksiana, Vision®, glyphosate, Rubus idaeus

scholarly journals Jack pine establishment in Ontario: 5-year comparison of stock types ± bracke scarification, mounding, and chemical site preparation

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Sutton ◽  
T. P. Weldon
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Stock Types

Field experimentation was begun in 1984 to assess performance of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) (2 + 0 bareroot and FH408 Japanese paperpot) in relation to mechanical site preparation, including Bracke scarification with and without supplementary mounding, and site preparation using Roundup® herbicide. Twenty treatments encompassed 4480 trees in 40-tree plots split equally between bareroot and paperpot stock. The study site, about 200 km north of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, had deep silt loam soil. After 3 growing seasons, survival was significantly higher among bareroot than among paperpot stock, but survival no longer differed significantly (P < 0.05) between stock types 2 years later. In years 4 and 5, the rate of increase in mean total height of bareroot stock was 11% less than that of paperpot stock, though bareroot stock was 40 and 4.7 cm greater in mean total 5th-year height and 5th-year height increment, respectively. Paperpot stock needed mechanical site preparation more than did bareroot stock. By the end of year 5, positive responses of survival and growth to mounding had become clear in both stock types; however, although mound size had little or no effect on survival or total height, mean stem volume was significantly (P < 0.01) greater on 20-L vs. 10-L mounds. Fifth-year mean stem volume was also significantly (P < 0.01) greater on mineral-on-organic (M/O) than on mineral-on-mineral (M/M) mounds. Chemical site preparation had no effect on relative growth rates beyond year 3. Indices that combined survival with total height or stem volume after 5 years show the significant (P < 0.01) superiority of: 20-L vs. 10-L mounds, M/O vs. M/M mounds, and chemical vs. no-chemical site preparation.

scholarly journals Jack Pine Regeneration Following Postcut Burning under Seed Trees in Central Saskatchewan

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Chrosciewicz
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Slash Burning

An experimental burn in conjunction with a seed-tree system was successful in regenerating jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) on a fresh to somewhat moist upland, loamy till, cutover site in central Saskatchewan. About 20 well-formed, uniformly spaced seed trees per hectare were left standing during timber harvest. The ignition of logging slash was carried out under preselected weather and fuel conditions so that favorable seedbeds and adequate seed dispersal from the seed trees were produced. Four growing seasons after burning, jack pine stocking by 4-m2 quadrats was 90% with 12 195 seedlings/ha. Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), to a lesser degree black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.), and other companion tree species also regenerated with the pine. Various seedbed and regeneration characteristics as well as height growth rates are discussed. Key words: Pinus banksiana, slash burning, seed-tree system, forest regeneration, growth rates, central Saskatchewan.

Multiple-trait selection in jack pine

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Adams ◽  
E. K. Morgenstern
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Multiple Trait ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Stem Straightness ◽  
Variance And Covariance Components

Open-pollinated jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) families were evaluated at four sites in New Brunswick after seven growing seasons for height growth, crown quality, stem straightness, branch angle, and relative branch diameter. Variance and covariance components were estimated to determine heritability of traits and genetic correlations between traits. Results indicated that there is a negative genetic correlation between height growth and all other traits. Selection based on height growth alone would result in degradation of quality traits of secondary economic importance at this age. A restricted selection index approach was examined for family roguing in seedling seed orchards because of the adverse genetic relationships between traits. Such an approach may be used to hold secondary quality traits constant, although some loss in maximum potential genetic gain in height at 7 years is incurred.

AN ANALYSIS OF MEASURES OF DENSITY IN EVEN-AGED BALSAM FIR AND JACK PINE STANDS

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Vezina
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
The One ◽  
Crown Closure

The concept of stand density in relation to thinning is examined and its development over the years is discussed. Present difficulties of objectively measuring stand density are recognized and probable future trends towards the development of better formulae to express stand density are outlined. Researchers should continue to collect information on interrelationships among stand variables. Certain merits accrue from description of stand density in terms of variables, such as crown closure, that can be measured with some precision from aerial photographs. Conversely, valid estimates of crown closure which are often difficult to obtain by means of devices from the ground, could be predicted from stand density. Three stand variables, used as expressions of stand density, were tested in crown closure simple regressions in even-aged, unmanaged stands of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). These are: total number of trees, number of trees 4 inches and up, and basal area per acre. The strongest relationship found was the one where crown closure is compared with basal area; it was stronger for jack pine than for balsam fir. This was explained by differences in tolerance among the two species. The significance of these relationships for the stand development, and the feasibility of using height-and diameter-based indices as measures of growing stock in studies of yield are discussed.

scholarly journals Height growth of black spruce and jack pine seedlings in flooded flats

1975 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-54
Author(s):  
W. Stanek
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Water Height

Black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings were grown in a green-house on peat-filled flats flooded with nutrient solution or distilled water. None was aerated. However, an O2 concentration gradient existed across the flats, 3.0 – 3.7 ppm along the edges, and 1.4 – 1.9 ppm in the centers. After 4½ months seedlings of both species grew taller with nutrient solution than with distilled water. In flats supplied with nutrient solution, seedlings of both species grew taller along the edges than in the centers, whereas in flats supplied with distilled water height differential did not develop. Jack pine grew taller than black spruce under similar conditions.

Critical period of interspecific competition for northern conifers associated with herbaceous vegetation

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 890-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G Wagner ◽  
Gina H Mohammed ◽  
Thomas L Noland
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation

Using critical-period analysis, we examined the temporal effects of interspecific competition from herbaceous vegetation on seedlings of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) during the first 5 years after planting. The critical period is the time period during stand development when interspecific competition reduces tree growth. We found both similarities and differences in responses among tree species. Gains in stem volume index associated with increasing duration of vegetation control (expressed by weed-free curves) differed among species. In contrast, declines in stem volume index with increasing duration of competition after planting (expressed by weed-infested curves) were equal among species. Critical periods for stem volume index were shorter for shade-intolerant jack and red pine (1 and 2 years after planting) than for more shade-tolerant white pine and black spruce (1-3 years for spruce and 1-4 years for white pine). Intolerant species had greater absolute stem volume growth, but smaller relative declines from continuous association with herbaceous vegetation (85, 81, 78, and 67% for white pine, black spruce, red pine, and jack pine, respectively). Herbaceous vegetation did not affect survival and had a variable influence on height growth of all species.

SOME EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL DEFOLIATION ON THE GROWTH OF JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB.)

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. O'Neil
Keyword(s):  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Normal Height ◽  
Pine Sawfly ◽  
Reduced Height

Young jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) were defoliated manually to measure the effects of defoliation on growth of this species, and to determine the relative efficiency of foliage of different ages with respect to growth. The removal of 2-year-old or 3-year-old foliage had no appreciable effect on tree growth, but their joint removal reduced height growth. Height growth was also reduced by the removal of 1-year-old foliage. Current foliage was found essential for the maintenance of normal height, diameter, and shoot growth; in addition, its removal induced high bud mortality, the production of profuse adventitious growth, and a reduction in the rate of shoot elongation. Trees deprived of all but current foliage showed marked reductions in height, diameter, and shoot growth. Complete defoliation resulted in tree death shortly thereafter. Growth reductions resulting from some of the treatments approximated that following defoliation by the Swaine jack-pine sawfly (Neodiprion swainei Midd.). Also, the present results are compared with those obtained by several other workers in this field.

scholarly journals Stand Density Management Diagram for Jack Pine Stands in Eastern Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahadev Sharma ◽  
S.Y. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Quadratic Mean Diameter ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Stand Density Management ◽  
Crown Closure ◽  
Stand Density Management Diagram

Abstract A stand density management diagram was developed for jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stands using the data obtained from 125 permanent sample plots (PSPs) established in Ontario and 232 PSPs in Quebec, Canada. The diagram was evaluated using data from 40 PSPs established in Ontario. Recently developed and efficient models have been used in constructing the diagram to estimate diameters and heights for the trees for which no diameters or heights were recorded at the time of stand inventory. Relative density indices of 0.15, 0.40, and 0.55 were used, corresponding to the line of approximate crown closure, the limit of productive zone, and the lower limit of competition-related mortality, respectively. If two stand characteristics are known, including mean total tree volume, quadratic mean diameter, trees per hectare, and average dominant height, the others can be readily obtained using the diagram. The consequences of various thinning scenarios can be plotted and visualized in the field without the need for computer simulation.

scholarly journals Five-Year Performance of Three Conifer Stock Types on Fine Sandy Loam Soils Treated With Hexazinone

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Pitt ◽  
C. Stern Krishka ◽  
F. W. Bell ◽  
A. Lehela
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Thunder Bay ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control

Abstract In May 1987, hexazinone (Velpar® L) was applied by helicopter at 0, 1, 2, and 4 kg active ingredient (a.i.) in 45 L of total solution per ha to a sandy loam site approximately 74 km northwest of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Container (FH408 paper pot)jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and container (FH408 paper pot) and bareroot (1½ + 1½) black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) were hot-planted 1 month and deferred-planted 12 months after herbicide application. Survival, height, and diameter growth were monitored annually, through the fall of 1991. Jack pine container stock planted 1 month after hexazinone treatment at 2 and 4 kg a.i./ha suffered 12% greater mortality than trees planted 1 yr later. However, the benefits of early establishment and herbaceous weed control offset these early losses and hot-planted areas supported equal volumes at age 4, and 2.3-fold more volume per ha than deferred-planted areas 5 growing seasons after herbicide treatment. Black spruce container and bareroot stock exhibited high tolerance to hexazinone throughout the range of rates tested. Overall, a 1 yr delay in planting resulted in stem and stand volumes that were less than half of those observed in hot-planted areas. Growth response was positively related to the level of herbaceous weed control achieved, with 4 kg treated areas supporting volumes 2- to 4-fold greater than those on untreated areas. The data illustrate significant growth advantages associated with early crop establishment and herbaceous weed control. North. J. Appl. For. 16(2):72-81.

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