scholarly journals Health and Economic Impact of Health Warnings and Plain Tobacco Packaging in Seven Latin American Countries: Results of a Simulation Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 2032-2040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Alcaraz ◽  
Akram Hernández-Vásquez ◽  
Alfredo Palacios ◽  
Belén Rodríguez ◽  
Javier Roberti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Latin American ◽  
World Health ◽  
Microsimulation Model ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Plain Packaging ◽  
The World ◽  
Latin American Countries

Abstract Introduction The burden of disease attributable to tobacco use in Latin America is very high. Our objective was to evaluate the 10-year potential impact of current legislation related to cigarette packaging and warnings and expected effects of moving to a higher level of strategies implementing cigarette plain packaging on health and cost outcomes in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, using a microsimulation model. Aims and Methods We used a probabilistic state-transition microsimulation model, considering natural history, costs, and quality of life losses associated with main tobacco-related diseases. We followed up individuals in hypothetical cohorts and calculated health outcomes annually to obtain aggregated long-term population health outcomes and costs. We performed a literature review to estimate effects and analyzed studies and information from ministries, relevant organizations, and national surveys. We calibrated the model comparing the predicted disease-specific mortality rates with local statistics. Results Current graphic warnings already in place in each country could avert, during 10 years, 69 369 deaths and 638 295 disease events, adding 1.2 million years of healthy life and saving USD 5.3 billion in the seven countries. If these countries implemented plain packaging strategies, additional 155 857 premature deaths and 4 133 858 events could be averted, adding 4.1 million healthy years of life and saving USD 13.6 billion in direct health care expenses of diseases attributable to smoking. Conclusions Latin American countries should not delay the implementation of this strategy that will alleviate part of the enormous health and financial burden that tobacco poses on their economies and health care systems. Implications Tobacco smoking is the single most preventable and premature mortality cause in the world. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, supported by the World Health Organization, introduced a package of evidence-based measures for tobacco control. This study adds evidence on the potential health effects and savings of implementing cigarette plain packaging in countries representing almost 80% of the Latin American population; findings are valuable resources for policy makers in the region.

scholarly journals Smoke-Free Air Interventions in Seven Latin American Countries: Health and Financial Impact to Inform Evidence-Based Policy Implementation

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 2149-2157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Bardach ◽  
María Belén Rodríguez ◽  
Agustín Ciapponi ◽  
Federico Augustovski ◽  
Alcaraz Andrea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
World Health ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Free Air ◽  
The World ◽  
Latin American Countries

Abstract Introduction Disease burden due to tobacco smoking in Latin America remains very high. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of implementing smoke-free air interventions on health and cost outcomes in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, using a mathematical model. Aims and Methods We built a probabilistic Monte Carlo microsimulation model, considering natural history, direct health system costs, and quality of life impairment associated with main tobacco-related diseases. We followed individuals in hypothetical cohorts and calculated health outcomes on an annual basis to obtain aggregated 10-year population health outcomes (deaths and events) and costs. To populate the model, we completed an overview and systematic review of the literature. Also, we calibrated the model comparing the predicted disease-specific mortality rates with those coming from local national statistics. Results With current policies, for the next 10 years, a total of 137 121 deaths and 917 210 events could be averted, adding 3.84 million years of healthy life and saving USD 9.2 billion in these seven countries. If countries fully implemented smoke-free air strategies, it would be possible to avert nearly 180 000 premature deaths and 1.2 million events, adding 5 million healthy years of life and saving USD 13.1 billion in direct healthcare. Conclusions Implementing the smoke-free air strategy would substantially reduce deaths, diseases, and health care costs attributed to smoking. Latin American countries should not delay the full implementation of this strategy. Implications Tobacco smoking is the single most preventable and premature mortality cause in the world. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, supported by the World Health Organization, introduced a package of evidence-based measures for tobacco control. This study adds quality evidence on the potential health effects and savings of implementing smoke-free air policies in countries representing almost 80% of the Latin America and the Caribbean population.

The Great Awakening - Digitalization in Dental Healthcare during the pandemic COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 380-384
Author(s):  
Priyanka Paul Madhu ◽  
Yojana Patil ◽  
Aishwarya Rajesh Shinde ◽  
Sangeeta Kumar ◽  
Pratik Phansopkar
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Health Care Service ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
Health Care Facility ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
World Health ◽  
Record System ◽  
The World

disease in 2019, also called COVID-19, which has been widely spread worldwide had given rise to a pandemic situation. The public health emergency of international concern declared the agent as the (SARS-CoV-2) the severe acute respiratory syndrome and the World Health Organization had activated significant surveillance to prevent the spread of this infection across the world. Taking into the account about the rigorousness of COVID-19, and in the spark of the enormous dedication of several dental associations, it is essential to be enlightened with the recommendations to supervise dental patients and prevent any of education to the dental graduates due to institutional closure. One of the approaching expertise that combines technology, communications and health care facilities are to refine patient care, it’s at the cutting edge of the present technological switch in medicine and applied sciences. Dentistry has been improved by cloud technology which has refined and implemented various methods to upgrade electronic health record system, educational projects, social network and patient communication. Technology has immensely saved the world. Economically and has created an institutional task force to uplift the health care service during the COVID 19 pandemic crisis. Hence, the pandemic has struck an awakening of the practice of informatics in a health care facility which should be implemented and updated at the highest priority.

Infodemiological patterns in searching medication errors: relationship with risk management and shift work (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Fabbian ◽  
Emanuele Di Simone ◽  
Sara Dionisi ◽  
Noemi Giannetta ◽  
Luigi De Gennaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Shift Work ◽  
Medication Errors ◽  
Medical Errors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Western World ◽  
The World ◽  
Google Search

BACKGROUND Western world health care systems have been trying to improve their efficiency and effectiveness in order to respond properly to the aging of the population and the epidemic of noncommunicable diseases. Errors in drugs administration is an actual important issue due to different causes. OBJECTIVE Aim of this study is to measure interest in online seeking medical errors information online related to interest in risk management and shift work. METHODS We investigated Google Trends® for popular search relating to medical errors, risk management and shift work. Relative search volumes (RSVs) were evaluated for the period November 2008-November 2018 all around the world. A comparison between RSV curves related to medical errors, risk management and shift work was carried out. Then we compared world to Italian search. RESULTS RSVs were persistently higher for risk management than for medication errors during the study period (mean RSVs 74 vs. 51%) and RSVs were stably higher for medical errors than shift work during the study period (mean RSVs 51 vs 23%). In Italy, RSVs were much lower than the rest of the world, and RSVs for medication errors during the study period were negligible. Mean RSVs for risk management and shift work were 3 and 25%, respectively. RSVs related to medication errors and clinical risk management were correlated (r=0.520, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Google search query volumes related to medication errors, risk management and shift work are different. RSVs for risk management are higher, are correlated with medication errors, and the relationship with shift work appears to be even worse, by analyzing the entire world. In Italy such a relationship completely disappears, suggesting that it needs to be emphasized by health care authorities.

scholarly journals 2014 Geneva Declaration on Person- and People-centered Integrated Health Care for All

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-68
Author(s):  
Juan Mezzich
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Universal Health Care ◽  
The World ◽  
International College ◽  
Commission Report ◽  
Geneva Conference ◽  
Universal Health ◽  
Improve Health

We, participants in the 7th Geneva Conference on Person-centered Medicine, call on everyone to join together to promote person-centered and people-centered health care in order to improve health for all in ways that are equitable, sustainable, and cost-effective. Equity and integration in person-centered health care are crucial foundations for targeting opportunities for effective action. The International College of Person-Centered Medicine (ICPCM) adheres to the new perspectives on universal health care endorsed by the World Health Assembly since 2009 and reads with interest the 2013 Lancet Commission Report on “Global Health 2035:  World converging within a generation”, both of which outline objectives, research, and strategies for developing Person- and People-centered Integrated Care (PPCIC) for all people

scholarly journals Access barriers to visual health

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Alejandra Rodríguez-Echeverría ◽  
Angélica María Páez-Castro
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Local Health Authority ◽  
Barriers To Access ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Visual Health ◽  
Care System

A number of factors and conditions hinder and restrict access to the health care system and its different services; these barriers to access put at risk the health of people by affecting adequate processes. Objective: To carry out a literature review on barriers to access to the health care system and visual health services in Colombia and around the world. Methodology: A literature review was carried out based on a search of the Medline, ScienceDirect, and Pubmed databases, as well as indexed public health journals and the websites of the Local Health Authority, the World Health Organization, the Pan American Health Organization, the UNESCO, and the Brien Holden Vision Institute. Results: The main barriers related to demand, both in general services and in visual health, are the lack of perception on the need for service and lack of economic resources; at the offer level, the existing policies constitute a real obstacle. Conclusions: Awareness-raising in the population, together with the implementation of health policies that grant equal access to health care services, are fundamental to prevent people from being affected, to a large extent, by barriers related to demand or offer, regardless of their location or level of income.

scholarly journals A Novel Prognostic Index for Patients with EBV-DLBCL NOS: A Study from the Grupo De Estudio Latinoamericano De Linfoproliferativos (GELL)

Blood ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 138 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1436-1436
Author(s):  
Brady E Beltran ◽  
Denisse Castro ◽  
Luis Villela ◽  
Efreen Montaño Figueroa ◽  
Ana Florencia Ramirez-Ibarguen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
International Prognostic Index ◽  
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ◽  
Prognostic Index ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
World Health ◽  
Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Latin American Countries

Abstract Introduction: Epstein Barr virus-positive (EBV+) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), not otherwise specified (NOS) is a newly recognized entity by the World Health Organization. EBV+ DLBCL, NOS is commonly encountered in Latin American countries and carries a dismal prognosis. Current prognostic models such as the Oyama and the International Prognostic Index (IPI) score have limited prognostic value in this patient population. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the ability of these models to risk stratify patients and propose a novel prognostic model in the largest cohort of Latin American patients with EBV+ DLBCL, NOS. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients ≥18 years from six Latin American countries diagnosed and treated at tertiary centers from 2010 to 2020. Hematopathologists at each institution reviewed pathological samples to confirm the diagnosis of EBV+ DLBCL, NOS. We collected clinicopathological data by reviewing the medical records of the patients. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), defined as the time from the date of diagnosis until death from any cause or last visit. The secondary endpoint, progression-free survival (PFS), was defined as the time from diagnosis until death, progression, or last visit. Our novel model (Grupo de Estudio Latinomericano de Linfoproliferativos [GELL] Score) includes the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≥2, extranodal involvement &gt;1, serum albumin &lt;3.5 g/dL, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) above the upper limit of normal, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio &gt;455. We assigned a value of 1 to each of the abovementioned elements in the score and classified the patients as low (0 points), intermediate (1-2 points), and high (3-5) risk. OS and PFS probabilities were computed with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. We used Cox regression to evaluate the proportional hazard ratios (HR) of each score for our study outcomes. The C-index was employed to measure discrimination of each model. We used cross-validation to evaluate the model performance. Results: A total of 154 patients with EBV+ DLBCL, NOS were included in this analysis. The median age at diagnosis was 58 years (range 19-86 years) with a slight male predominance (53%). EBER was positive in all cases (range 1-100%). Clinically, 39% presented ECOG ≥2, 57% had B symptoms, 50% had an extranodal disease as a primary tumor, and 71% had Ann Arbor stage III/IV. Fifty-one percent of the patients had an elevated LDH level, and 43% had albumin &lt;3.5 g/dL. Rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) regimen was administered in 79% of individuals as first-line treatment. The overall response rate was 80% (62% complete response and 18% partial response). With a median follow-up of 61 months, the 5-year OS and PFS rates were 61% and 47%, respectively. The 5-year OS rates of patients with low, intermediate, and high-risk disease according to the GELL score was 90%, 59%, and 33%, respectively (Fig 1A). The 5-year PFS rates were 82%, 39%, and 23%, respectively (Fig 2A). Table 1 shows the Cox regression and the discrimination analysis for each of the scores. The GELL score has the highest discriminatory index for OS and PFS compared to the IPI, Revised-IPI, National Comprehensive Cancer Network-IPI, and the Oyama score (Figure 1 and 2). Conclusions: This study proposes a novel score for risk stratification of patients with EBV+ DLBCL, NOS. The GELL score appears to better discriminate OS and PFS than previous scores. Our results should be validated in an independent prospective cohort. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Ramirez-Ibarguen: Asofarma: Consultancy; MSD: Consultancy; Abbvie: Speakers Bureau; Astra Zeneca: Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Speakers Bureau; Roche: Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Perini: Janssen: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Astra Zeneca: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; MSD: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Oliver: Roche: Other: conference support and fees ; Abbvie: Other: conference support and fees . Castillo: Abbvie: Consultancy, Research Funding; BeiGene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy; Roche: Consultancy; TG Therapeutics: Research Funding.

scholarly journals Country Participation in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Health Warnings Database

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1179173X2110642
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Seitz ◽  
Kenneth D. Ward ◽  
Zubair Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
Pictorial Warnings ◽  
The World ◽  
Alternative Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Packaging

Background The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Health Warnings Database is an online, publicly available resource created for countries to upload and share pictorial health warnings for tobacco packaging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which the database is used by countries for the sharing of pictorial warnings. Methods The study’s sample included parties to the FCTC who required graphic health warning labels on cigarette packaging from. Those countries were categorized as having a low, middle, and high Socio-Demographic Index (SDI). The Health Warnings Database was then analyzed for those countries’ unique pictorial images, as well as the number of pictorials that were shared between countries. Results Of the 110 countries that required pictorial warnings on cigarette packaging, only 53 (48%) voluntarily contributed pictorials to the database, with most of those (53%) being high SDI-level countries. There were 342 unique pictorials on the database, with 62 images posted by seven countries that were used by 13 other countries. Conclusion While sharing was evident from the database, there remains a need for more countries to upload the pictorials to the database. There is also a need to expand the database to include alternative tobacco products, such as waterpipe tobacco and e-cigarettes.

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