scholarly journals Smoking and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A 25-Country Analysis of the Demographic Health Surveys

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1093-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D Murphy ◽  
Benmei Liu ◽  
Mark Parascandola
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background Having HIV/AIDS has been associated with a higher prevalence of smoking. Moreover, evidence suggests that people with HIV/AIDS who smoke have poorer treatment and survival outcomes. The HIV–smoking relationship is understudied in sub-Saharan Africa, where tobacco use patterns and HIV prevalence differ greatly from other world regions. Methods Cross-sectional data from the Demographic Health Surveys and AIDS Indicator Surveys, representing 25 sub-Saharan African countries, were pooled for analysis (n = 286850). The association between cigarette smoking and HIV status was analyzed through hierarchical logistic regression models. This study also examined the relationship between smokeless tobacco (SLT) use and HIV status. Results Smoking prevalence was significantly higher among men who had HIV/AIDS than among men who did not (25.90% vs 16.09%; p < .0001), as was smoking prevalence among women who had HIV/AIDS compared with women who did not (1.15% vs 0.73%; p < .001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that the odds of smoking among people who had HIV/AIDS was 1.12 times greater than among people who did not when adjusting for socioeconomic, demographic, and sexual risk factors (adjusted OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.04% to 1.21%; p < .001). Similarly, multivariate logistic regression revealed that HIV-positive individuals were 34% more likely to use SLT than HIV-negative individuals (adjusted OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.17% to 1.53%). Conclusion Having HIV was associated with a greater likelihood of smoking cigarettes as well as with using SLT in sub-Saharan Africa. These tobacco use modalities were also associated with male sex and lower socioeconomic status. Implications This study shows that in sub-Saharan Africa, as in more studied world regions, having HIV/AIDS is associated with a higher likelihood of smoking cigarettes when adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and sexual risk factors. This study also supports the literature stating that cigarette smoking is inversely associated with socioeconomic status, as evidenced by higher smoking prevalence among poorer individuals, less educated individuals, and manual and agricultural laborers.

scholarly journals Sub-Saharan Women Affected by HIV/AIDS: The Perfect Storm of Risk Factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Isabel Arroyo ◽  
Sanni Yaya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Women ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Perfect Storm ◽  
Hiv Aids

<div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>This paper explores women’s health in the prevalence and incidence rates of </span><span>HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. The risk factors presented in the literature that are hypothesized to be responsible for the increasing rates of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan African women are identified. Risk factors discussed include biological factors, parasites, malnutrition, lower socioeconomic status, inti- mate partner violence, war, gender inequality and lack of education. These risk factors relate to multiple determinants of health: income and social sta- tus, education and literacy, employment, physical environment, gender and culture. The authors present their perspectives on mediating this epidemic, which involves reducing the ramifications of poverty on sub-Saharan women. </span></p></div></div></div>

scholarly journals Lung function and atherosclerosis: a cross-sectional study of multimorbidity in rural Uganda

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca F. Gilbert ◽  
Cody Cichowitz ◽  
Prossy Bibangambah ◽  
June-Ho Kim ◽  
Linda C. Hemphill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
High Income ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Hiv Serostatus ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of global mortality. In high-income settings, the presence of cardiovascular disease among people with COPD increases mortality and complicates longitudinal disease management. An estimated 26 million people are living with COPD in sub-Saharan Africa, where risk factors for co-occurring pulmonary and cardiovascular disease may differ from high-income settings but remain uncharacterized. As non-communicable diseases have become the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa, defining multimorbidity in this setting is critical to inform the required scale-up of existing healthcare infrastructure. Methods We measured lung function and carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) among participants in the UGANDAC Study. Study participants were over 40 years old and equally divided into people living with HIV (PLWH) and an age- and sex-similar, HIV-uninfected control population. We fit multivariable linear regression models to characterize the relationship between lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV1) and pre-clinical atherosclerosis (cIMT), and evaluated for effect modification by age, sex, smoking history, HIV, and socioeconomic status. Results Of 265 participants, median age was 52 years, 125 (47%) were women, and 140 (53%) were PLWH. Most participants who met criteria for COPD were PLWH (13/17, 76%). Median cIMT was 0.67 mm (IQR: 0.60 to 0.74), which did not differ by HIV serostatus. In models adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, smoking, and HIV, lower FEV1 was associated with increased cIMT (β = 0.006 per 200 mL FEV1 decrease; 95% CI 0.002 to 0.011, p = 0.01). There was no evidence that age, sex, HIV serostatus, smoking, or socioeconomic status modified the relationship between FEV1 and cIMT. Conclusions Impaired lung function was associated with increased cIMT, a measure of pre-clinical atherosclerosis, among adults with and without HIV in rural Uganda. Future work should explore how co-occurring lung and cardiovascular disease might share risk factors and contribute to health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa.

HIV/AIDS and Fertility

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane G Fortson
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv Negative ◽  
Hiv Aids

This paper studies the response of fertility to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. I use repeated cross sections of the Demographic and Health Surveys for 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa to examine this question empirically. Using individual birth histories from these data, I construct estimates of the regional total fertility rate over time. In a difference-in-differences approach, I compare regional HIV prevalence to changes in total fertility rates from the 1980s to the present. My results suggest that HIV/AIDS had very little impact on fertility, both overall and in a sample of HIV-negative women. (JEL I12, J13, O12)

scholarly journals Risk factors for prelacteal feeding in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of population data from twenty-two countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1953-1962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anselm S Berde ◽  
Hilal Ozcebe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Prelacteal Feeding ◽  
Birth Rank ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Ssa Countries ◽  
Prelacteal Feeds

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the risk factors of prelacteal feeding (PLF) among mothers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).DesignWe pooled data from Demographic and Health Surveys in twenty-two SSA countries. The key outcome variable was PLF. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to explore factors associated with PLF.SettingDemographic and Health Surveys in twenty-two SSA countries.SubjectsMother–baby pairs (n 95348).ResultsPrevalence of PLF in SSA was 32·2 %. Plain water (22·1 %), milk other than breast milk (5·0 %) and sugar or glucose water (4·1 %) were the predominant prelacteal feeds. In the multivariable analysis, mothers who had caesarean section delivery had 2·25 times the odds of giving prelacteal feeds compared with mothers who had spontaneous vaginal delivery (adjusted OR=2·25; 95 % CI 2·06, 2·46). Other factors that were significantly associated with increased likelihood of PLF were mother’s lower educational status, first birth rank, fourth or above birth rank with preceding birth interval less than or equal to 24 months, lower number of antenatal care visits, home delivery, multiple birth, male infant, as well as having an average or small sized baby at birth. Mothers aged 20–34 years were less likely to give prelacteal feeds compared with mothers aged ≤19 years. Belonging to the second, middle or fourth wealth quintile was associated with lower likelihood of PLF compared with the highest quintile.ConclusionsTo achieve optimal breast-feeding, there is a need to discourage breast-feeding practices such as PLF. Breast-feeding promotion programmes should target the at-risk sub-population groups discovered in our study.

scholarly journals The Gradient in Sub-Saharan Africa: Socioeconomic Status and HIV/AIDS

Demography ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane G. Fortson
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv Aids

scholarly journals Prevalence of diarrhoea and associated risk factors among children under five years old in Pader district, Northern Uganda

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Omona ◽  
Geoffrey Maxwell Malinga ◽  
Robert Opoke ◽  
Geoffrey Openy ◽  
Robert Opiro
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Northern Uganda ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Pader District

Abstract Background: Diarrhoea remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children < 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa. Uganda has the worst mortality rate in children < 5 years among the three East African countries, with 22% of these deaths attributed to diarrhoea. For proper planning and implementation of control interventions, an understanding of the prevalence and determinants of the disease is crucial. This study assessed the prevalence of diarrhoea and related risk factors among children aged < 5 years in Pajule sub-county in Pader district in northern Uganda. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted covering 244 randomly selected households having children < 5 years old in the study area. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview the households about diarrhoeal history in their children in the last two weeks preceding the survey, and on the risk factors predisposing children to diarrhoeal infections. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the risk factors whereas bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses (95% confidence interval and p < 0.05) were used to identify the risk factors associated with childhood diarrhoea.Results: We found a prevalence of diarrhoea of 29.1% among children < 5 years of age in Pajule sub-county during the two weeks preceding the survey. Multivariate logistic regression revealed significant associations between diarrhoeal prevalence and use of unprotected water sources (adjusted Odd Ratio, aOR=2.866, 95% CI: [1.431 – 5.741]), presence of animals in respondents’ homes (aOR=3.950, 95%CI: [1.399 – 11.156]) and infrequent hand washing practices (aOR=2.737, 95% CI: [1.304 – 5.743]). Conclusion: The present study identified a high prevalence of diarrhoea among children < 5 years of age in Pajule sub-county, higher than the Ugandan national average. Extensive use of unprotected water sources, animals’ presence in homes and poor hand washing practices had significant associations with diarrhoeal occurrence. These findings underscore the need for continuous community health promotion emphasizing good hand washing practices and interventions that target improvement of hygiene practices at homes as the best methods for fighting childhood diarrhoea in the study area.

scholarly journals Risk factors for HIV/AIDS in a low HIV prevalence site of sub-Saharan Africa

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1011-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Croce ◽  
Paolo Fedeli ◽  
Mohamed Dahoma ◽  
Lorenzo Dehò ◽  
Mahdi Ramsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv Aids
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