scholarly journals Prevalence of diarrhoea and associated risk factors among children under five years old in Pader district, Northern Uganda

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Omona ◽  
Geoffrey Maxwell Malinga ◽  
Robert Opoke ◽  
Geoffrey Openy ◽  
Robert Opiro
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Northern Uganda ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Pader District

Abstract Background: Diarrhoea remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children < 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa. Uganda has the worst mortality rate in children < 5 years among the three East African countries, with 22% of these deaths attributed to diarrhoea. For proper planning and implementation of control interventions, an understanding of the prevalence and determinants of the disease is crucial. This study assessed the prevalence of diarrhoea and related risk factors among children aged < 5 years in Pajule sub-county in Pader district in northern Uganda. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted covering 244 randomly selected households having children < 5 years old in the study area. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview the households about diarrhoeal history in their children in the last two weeks preceding the survey, and on the risk factors predisposing children to diarrhoeal infections. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the risk factors whereas bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses (95% confidence interval and p < 0.05) were used to identify the risk factors associated with childhood diarrhoea.Results: We found a prevalence of diarrhoea of 29.1% among children < 5 years of age in Pajule sub-county during the two weeks preceding the survey. Multivariate logistic regression revealed significant associations between diarrhoeal prevalence and use of unprotected water sources (adjusted Odd Ratio, aOR=2.866, 95% CI: [1.431 – 5.741]), presence of animals in respondents’ homes (aOR=3.950, 95%CI: [1.399 – 11.156]) and infrequent hand washing practices (aOR=2.737, 95% CI: [1.304 – 5.743]). Conclusion: The present study identified a high prevalence of diarrhoea among children < 5 years of age in Pajule sub-county, higher than the Ugandan national average. Extensive use of unprotected water sources, animals’ presence in homes and poor hand washing practices had significant associations with diarrhoeal occurrence. These findings underscore the need for continuous community health promotion emphasizing good hand washing practices and interventions that target improvement of hygiene practices at homes as the best methods for fighting childhood diarrhoea in the study area.

scholarly journals Prevalence of diarrhoea and associated risk factors among children under five years old in Pader district, Northern Uganda

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Omona ◽  
Geoffrey Maxwell Malinga ◽  
Robert Opoke ◽  
Geoffrey Openy ◽  
Robert Opiro
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Northern Uganda ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Childhood Diarrhoea ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Pader District

Abstract Background : Diarrhoea remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in under-five children in sub-Saharan Africa. Of the three East African countries, Uganda has the worst mortality rate in children < 5 years, with 22% of these deaths attributed to diarrhoea. For proper planning and implementation of control, an understanding of the prevalence and determinants of the disease is crucial. This study assessed the prevalence of diarrhoea and related risk factors among children < 5 years in Pajule sub-county, Pader district in northern Uganda. Methods : A cross-sectional survey was conducted in April 2018, covering 244 randomly selected households having children < 5 years old in the study area. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview the households about diarrhoeal history in their children in the last two weeks preceding the survey, and on the risk factors predisposing children to diarrhoeal infections. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses with a 95% confidence interval and p < 0.05 was used to identify the risk factors associated with childhood diarrhoeal disease. Results : We found a prevalence of diarrhoea of 29.1% [95% CI (23.7–35.0)] among under-five children in Pajule sub-county during the two weeks preceding the survey. Use of unprotected water source, age of child caretaker, child weaning time and family size had significant associations with diarrheal morbidity. Conclusion : The prevalence of childhood diarrhoea among children < 5 years of age in a rural setting of Pajule sub-county was higher than the Ugandan national average. Use of unprotected water sources, age of child caretaker, child weaning time and family size were identified as predictors of diarrhoeal occurrence. These findings underscore the need for improving access to clean water and providing community health education as the best methods for fighting childhood diarrhoea in the study area.

P3459Research Network in Africa (RNA): gender differences in cardiovascular risk factors and complications in 12 African countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I B Diop ◽  
M Antignac ◽  
C Nhavoto ◽  
A Sidy Ali ◽  
D Balde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases are rapidly growing epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. Unlike other regions of the world, death rates due to hypertension are greater for women than men in Africa. Scarce data were available on factors associated with gender in cardiovascular risk factors and complications in Sub-Saharan Africa. Purpose To assess gender differences in cardiovascular risk factors pattern in patients with hypertension in 12 Sub-Saharan countries. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey in urban clinics of twelve countries in Africa. Data were collected on demographics, treatment and standardized BP measures were made among the hypertensive patients attending the clinics. BP control was defined as BP<140/90 mmHg and hypertension grades were defined according to European Society of Cardiology guidelines. The separate association between women factors and BP control was investigated using Generalized Linear Mixed-Effects Models adjusted on age; A random effect on the country was added (generalized estimated equation models) to account for inter-country variability. Results The EIGHT study enrolled 2198 patients with hypertension in 12 sub-Saharan countries between January 2014 and November 2015. The proportion of women (60,2%) was higher than men and varied significantly according to countries (p<0.001), ranged from 33.7% (Guinea) to 71.9% (Gabon). Mean age was 57.7±12.0 years for women and 59.2±11.4 years for men (p<0.001). Compared to men, women had a higher rate of family cardiovascular background (79% vs 70%, for women and men respectively) (p<0.0001), cardiovascular risk factors (74.3% vs 68.1) (p=0.008), such as obesity (25.8% vs 12.1%) (p<0.0001), sedentary behavior (42.1% vs 35.0%) (p=0,006). BP control didn't differ according to gender, the repartition of grades of hypertension was similar between women and men and proportion of uncontrolled BP was 77.2% in women and 77.8% in men (p=0.4), with same proportion of women and men receiving antihypertensive treatment (96 vs 97.5%) (NS). However, African women had less cardiovascular complications than men (39% vs 52.4%) (p<0.0001) (OR: 0.50 [CI 95% 0.41–0.61]). Conclusions Our study highlighted gender differences in cardiovascular risk factors pattern in Sub-Saharan hypertensive patients. Tailoring medical (public health) programs to improve cardiovascular disease prevention that take into women characteristics may enhance their effectiveness.

scholarly journals Smoking and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A 25-Country Analysis of the Demographic Health Surveys

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1093-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D Murphy ◽  
Benmei Liu ◽  
Mark Parascandola
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background Having HIV/AIDS has been associated with a higher prevalence of smoking. Moreover, evidence suggests that people with HIV/AIDS who smoke have poorer treatment and survival outcomes. The HIV–smoking relationship is understudied in sub-Saharan Africa, where tobacco use patterns and HIV prevalence differ greatly from other world regions. Methods Cross-sectional data from the Demographic Health Surveys and AIDS Indicator Surveys, representing 25 sub-Saharan African countries, were pooled for analysis (n = 286850). The association between cigarette smoking and HIV status was analyzed through hierarchical logistic regression models. This study also examined the relationship between smokeless tobacco (SLT) use and HIV status. Results Smoking prevalence was significantly higher among men who had HIV/AIDS than among men who did not (25.90% vs 16.09%; p &lt; .0001), as was smoking prevalence among women who had HIV/AIDS compared with women who did not (1.15% vs 0.73%; p &lt; .001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that the odds of smoking among people who had HIV/AIDS was 1.12 times greater than among people who did not when adjusting for socioeconomic, demographic, and sexual risk factors (adjusted OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.04% to 1.21%; p &lt; .001). Similarly, multivariate logistic regression revealed that HIV-positive individuals were 34% more likely to use SLT than HIV-negative individuals (adjusted OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.17% to 1.53%). Conclusion Having HIV was associated with a greater likelihood of smoking cigarettes as well as with using SLT in sub-Saharan Africa. These tobacco use modalities were also associated with male sex and lower socioeconomic status. Implications This study shows that in sub-Saharan Africa, as in more studied world regions, having HIV/AIDS is associated with a higher likelihood of smoking cigarettes when adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and sexual risk factors. This study also supports the literature stating that cigarette smoking is inversely associated with socioeconomic status, as evidenced by higher smoking prevalence among poorer individuals, less educated individuals, and manual and agricultural laborers.

Crowdsourcing Covid-19 signals in sub-Saharan Africa: Leveraging digital contributor networks for participatory surveillance of Covid-19 symptoms and deaths (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngozi A Erondu ◽  
Sagal A Ali ◽  
Mohamed Ali ◽  
Schadrac C Agbla
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan

BACKGROUND In sub-Saharan Africa, underreporting of cases and deaths has been attributed to various factors including, weak disease surveillance, low health-seeking behaviour of flu like symptoms, and stigma of Covid-19. There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spread mimics transmission patterns of other countries across the world. Since the Covid-19 pandemic has changed the way research can be conducted and in light of restrictions on travel and risks to in-person data collection, innovative approaches to collecting data must be considered. Nearly 50% of Africa’s population is a unique mobile subscriber and it is one of the fastest growing smart-phone marketplaces in the world; hence, mobile phone platforms should be considered to monitor Covid-19 trends in the community. OBJECTIVE We demonstrate the use of digital contributor platforms to survey individuals about cases of flu-like symptoms and instances of unexplained deaths in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Somalia, and Zimbabwe. METHODS Rapid cross-sectional survey of individuals with severe flu and pneumonia symptoms and unexplained deaths in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Somalia and Zimbabwe RESULTS Using a non-health specific information platform, we found COVID-19 signals in five African countries, specifically: •Across countries, nearly half of the respondents (n=739) knew someone who had severe flu or pneumonia symptoms in recent months. •One in three respondents from Somalia and one in five from Zimbabwe respondents said they knew more than five people recently displaying flu and/or pneumonia symptoms. •In Somalia there were signals that a large number of people might be dying outside of health facilities, specifically in their homes or in IDP or refugee camps. CONCLUSIONS Existing digital contributor platforms with local networks are a non-traditional data source that can provide information from the community to supplement traditional government surveillance systems and academic surveys. We demonstrate that using these distributor networks to for community surveys can provide periodic information on rumours but could also be used to capture local sentiment to inform public health decision-making; for example, these insights could be useful to inform strategies to increase confidence in Covid19 vaccine. As Covid-19 continues to spread somewhat silently across sub-Saharan Africa, regional and national public health entities should consider expanding event-based surveillance sources to include these systems.

scholarly journals Prevalence of diarrhoea and associated risk factors among children under five years old in Pader District, northern Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Omona ◽  
Geoffrey M. Malinga ◽  
Robert Opoke ◽  
Geoffrey Openy ◽  
Robert Opiro
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Northern Uganda ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Pader District

scholarly journals Suicidal ideation and associated factors among school-going adolescents in rural Ghana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Nii-Boye Quarshie ◽  
Samuel Kofi Odame
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Rural Adolescents ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural Ghana ◽  
Sub Saharan

AbstractSuicidal ideation is a critical risk for attempted suicide and eventual suicide. Little is known about suicidal ideation among rural adolescents in most sub-Saharan African countries. We aimed to estimate the 12-month prevalence of suicidal ideation and to describe some of the common and gender-specific associated factors among in-school adolescents in rural Ghana. We conducted a cross-sectional survey involving a random sample of 1101 in-school adolescents aged 10–19 years in a rural district in Eastern Ghana. The Suicidal Behavior Questionnaire-Revised was used to assess suicidal ideation. Overall, 25.1% participants (95% CI = 22.5–27.7), representing 28.3% females (95% CI = 24.7–32.2) and 21.5% males (95% CI = 18.0–25.2) reported suicidal ideation during the previous 12 months. Females who experienced personal and interpersonal adversities mainly outside the family context were likely to report suicidal ideation, while suicidal ideation among males was associated with conflict with parents. Regardless of gender, adolescents who reported exposure to a friend’s attempted suicide were about two times more likely to report suicidal ideation. The prevalence of suicidal ideation among adolescents in rural Ghana compares with in-school estimates from other countries within sub-Saharan Africa, but also underscores the need for targeted and universal prevention programmes and intervention efforts to mitigate the potential transition from suicidal ideations to suicidal attempts and eventual deaths by suicide among rural adolescents.

Short-Term Outcomes Following Removal of Infected Hernia Mesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 000313482110241
Author(s):  
Christine Tung ◽  
Junko Ozao-Choy ◽  
Dennis Y. Kim ◽  
Christian de Virgilio ◽  
Ashkan Moazzez
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mesh Removal ◽  
Mesh Placement ◽  
Infected Mesh

There are limited studies regarding outcomes of replacing an infected mesh with another mesh. We reviewed short-term outcomes following infected mesh removal and whether placement of new mesh is associated with worse outcomes. Patients who underwent hernia repair with infected mesh removal were identified from 2005 to 2018 American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. They were divided into new mesh (Mesh+) or no mesh (Mesh-) groups. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to compare morbidity between the two groups and to identify associated risk factors. Of 1660 patients, 49.3% received new mesh, with higher morbidity in the Mesh+ (35.9% vs. 30.3%; P = .016), but without higher rates of surgical site infection (SSI) (21.3% vs. 19.7%; P = .465). Mesh+ had higher rates of acute kidney injury (1.3% vs. .4%; P = .028), UTI (3.1% vs. 1.3%, P = .014), ventilator dependence (4.9% vs. 2.4%; P = .006), and longer LOS (8.6 vs. 7 days, P < .001). Multivariate logistic regression showed new mesh placement (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.07-1.85; P = .014), body mass index (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.03; P = .022), and smoking (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.05-1.95; P = .025) as risk factors independently associated with increased morbidity. New mesh placement at time of infected mesh removal is associated with increased morbidity but not with SSI. Body mass index and smoking history continue to contribute to postoperative morbidity during subsequent operations for complications.

scholarly journals Risk factors for tissue expander infection in scar reconstruction: a retrospective cohort study of 2374 consecutive cases

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Dong ◽  
Minhui Zhu ◽  
Luguang Huang ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Hengxin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Hematoma Evacuation

Abstract Background Tissue expansion is used for scar reconstruction owing to its excellent clinical outcomes; however, the complications that emerge from tissue expansion hinder repair. Infection is considered a major complication of tissue expansion. This study aimed to analyze the perioperative risk factors for expander infection. Methods A large, retrospective, single-institution observational study was carried out over a 10-year period. The study enrolled consecutive patients who had undergone tissue expansion for scar reconstruction. Demographics, etiological data, expander-related characteristics and postoperative infection were assessed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify risk factors for expander infection. In addition, we conducted a sensitivity analysis for treatment failure caused by infection as an outcome. Results A total of 2374 expanders and 148 cases of expander infection were assessed. Treatment failure caused by infection occurred in 14 expanders. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that disease duration of ≤1 year (odds ratio (OR), 2.07; p &lt; 0.001), larger volume of expander (200–400 ml vs &lt;200 ml; OR, 1.74; p = 0.032; &gt;400 ml vs &lt;200 ml; OR, 1.76; p = 0.049), limb location (OR, 2.22; p = 0.023) and hematoma evacuation (OR, 2.17; p = 0.049) were associated with a high likelihood of expander infection. Disease duration of ≤1 year (OR, 3.88; p = 0.015) and hematoma evacuation (OR, 10.35; p = 0.001) were so related to high risk of treatment failure. Conclusions The rate of expander infection in patients undergoing scar reconstruction was 6.2%. Disease duration of &lt;1 year, expander volume of &gt;200 ml, limb location and postoperative hematoma evacuation were independent risk factors for expander infection.

scholarly journals Estimating the burden of cardiovascular risk in community dwellers over 40 years old in South Africa, Kenya, Burkina Faso and Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e003499
Author(s):  
Ryan G Wagner ◽  
Nigel J Crowther ◽  
Lisa K Micklesfield ◽  
Palwende Romauld Boua ◽  
Engelbert A Nonterah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
South African ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. The impact of these risk factors on future CVD outcomes and burden is poorly understood. We examined the magnitude of modifiable risk factors, estimated future CVD risk and compared results between three commonly used 10-year CVD risk factor algorithms and their variants in four African countries.MethodsIn the Africa-Wits-INDEPTH partnership for Genomic studies (the AWI-Gen Study), 10 349 randomly sampled individuals aged 40–60 years from six sites participated in a survey, with blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid levels measured. Using these data, 10-year CVD risk estimates using Framingham, Globorisk and WHO-CVD and their office-based variants were generated. Differences in future CVD risk and results by algorithm are described using kappa and coefficients to examine agreement and correlations, respectively.ResultsThe 10-year CVD risk across all participants in all sites varied from 2.6% (95% CI: 1.6% to 4.1%) using the WHO-CVD lab algorithm to 6.5% (95% CI: 3.7% to 11.4%) using the Framingham office algorithm, with substantial differences in risk between sites. The highest risk was in South African settings (in urban Soweto: 8.9% (IQR: 5.3–15.3)). Agreement between algorithms was low to moderate (kappa from 0.03 to 0.55) and correlations ranged between 0.28 and 0.70. Depending on the algorithm used, those at high risk (defined as risk of 10-year CVD event >20%) who were under treatment for a modifiable risk factor ranged from 19.2% to 33.9%, with substantial variation by both sex and site.ConclusionThe African sites in this study are at different stages of an ongoing epidemiological transition as evidenced by both risk factor levels and estimated 10-year CVD risk. There is low correlation and disparate levels of population risk, predicted by different risk algorithms, within sites. Validating existing risk algorithms or designing context-specific 10-year CVD risk algorithms is essential for accurately defining population risk and targeting national policies and individual CVD treatment on the African continent.

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