scholarly journals Use of JUUL E-cigarettes Among Youth in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 827-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hammond ◽  
Olivia A Wackowski ◽  
Jessica L Reid ◽  
Richard J O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Product Category ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
The Us ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
Sociodemographic Profile

Abstract Introduction JUUL has emerged as the leading brand in a rapidly evolving electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) market. JUUL is distinctive for its novel nicotine delivery method that results in high nicotine concentrations, as well as its sleek, discreet design. This study examined national estimates of JUUL among youth in the United States, including whether JUUL users report different patterns of use compared to users of other e-cigarettes. Methods Data were analyzed from the US arm of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC) Youth Tobacco and E-cigarette Survey, an online survey conducted in July–August 2017 with youth aged 16–19 years recruited from consumer panels (n = 4086). Results Overall, 14.2% of respondents had used an e-cigarette in the past 30 days. JUUL was the second-most popular brand reported by past-30-day e-cigarette users (9.7%). Compared to e-cigarette users of other brands, JUUL users were significantly older (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.56 to 4.01) and reported a greater number of computers in the household (a socioeconomic status proxy; aOR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.22 to 1.96), with no differences by sex, race/ethnicity, or student status. Controlling for sociodemographic variables, JUUL users were more likely than other e-cigarette users to have ever tried to quit e-cigarettes (aOR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.12 to 6.30), with no differences observed by smoking status, frequency of e-cigarette use, urges to use e-cigarettes, or perceived addiction to e-cigarettes. Conclusions JUUL was among the most popular e-cigarette brands among youth, and there were few differences in sociodemographic profile or patterns of use between users of JUUL and other e-cigarette brands. Implications This study examined national estimates of JUUL e-cigarette use among youth in the United States, during the early phase of JUUL’s popularity. JUUL was among the most popular e-cigarette brands among youth, and there were few differences in sociodemographic profile or patterns of use between JUUL and other e-cigarette brands. The findings help to characterize the rapid rise of this new product category within the rapidly evolving e-cigarette market at a time when the US Food and Drug Administration and public health community are seeking to understand JUUL and its appeal among young people.

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in Adults in the United States, 2003

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1036-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar M. AL-Rawajfah ◽  
Frank Stetzer ◽  
Jeanne Beauchamp Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Nationwide Inpatient Sample ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
The Us ◽  
National Estimates

Background.Although many studies have examined nosocomial bloodstream infection (BSI), US national estimates of incidence and case-fatality rates have seldom been reported.Objective.The purposes of this study were to generate US national estimates of the incidence and severity of nosocomial BSI and to identify risk factors for nosocomial BSI among adults hospitalized in the United States on the basis of a national probability sample.Methods.This cross-sectional study used the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the year 2003 to estimate the incidence and case-fatality rate associated with nosocomial BSI in the total US population. Cases of nosocomial BSI were defined by using 1 or more International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes in the secondary field(s) that corresponded to BSIs that occurred at least 48 hours after admission. The comparison group consisted of all patients without BSI codes in their NIS records. Weighted data were used to generate US national estimates of nosocomial BSIs. Logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for nosocomial BSI.Results.The US national estimated incidence of nosocomial BSI was 21.6 cases per 1,000 admissions, while the estimated case-fatality rate was 20.6%. Seven of the 10 leading causes of hospital admissions associated with nosocomial BSI were infection related. We estimate that 541,081 patients would have acquired a nosocomial BSI in 2003, and of these, 111,427 would have died. The final multivariate model consisted of the following risk factors: central venous catheter use (odds ratio [OR], 4.76), other infections (OR, 4.61), receipt of mechanical ventilation (OR, 4.97), trauma (OR, 1.98), hemodialysis (OR, 4.83), and malnutrition (OR, 2.50). The total maximum rescaled R2 was 0.22.Conclusions.The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was useful for estimating national incidence and case-fatality rates, as well as examining independent predictors of nosocomial BSI.

A case study of the US mountain bike tourism market

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J Buning ◽  
Zachary Cole ◽  
Matthew Lamont
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Travel Patterns ◽  
Mountain Bike ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
The Us

Communities and regions throughout the United States are investing in the development and enhancement of requisite resources to leverage the growth of mountain bike tourism. However, an understanding of mountain bike tourists’ demographics, travel patterns, trip behaviors, and expenditures is lacking, thereby hampering product and market development efforts. The purpose of this study was to explore the demographics, travel preferences, and travel behaviors of US mountain bike tourists. Through an online survey hosted on a popular mountain bike website, a sample of US mountain bike tourists ( N = 810) was gathered. Data revealed that mountain bike tourists are predominately middle-aged affluent males who take an average of five short-break trips annually of about 400 miles per trip during the spring and summer months, and in the process spend approximately US$400 per trip. Stemming from the results, implications for mountain bike tourism development are discussed.

scholarly journals Use of Flavored E-Cigarettes and the Type of E-Cigarette Devices Used among Adults and Youth in the US—Results from Wave 3 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (2015–2016)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 2991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liane M. Schneller ◽  
Maansi Bansal-Travers ◽  
Maciej L. Goniewicz ◽  
Scott McIntosh ◽  
Deborah Ossip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Population Assessment ◽  
The Us

The United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration has expressed concern about flavored e-cigarettes (e.g., JUUL brand) because they are appealing to youth who may be unaware that the product is addictive. The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Wave 3 provided data on flavor categories, type of e-cigarette product, and smoking status among past 30-day youth and adult e-cigarette users in the US. Most past 30-day youth and adult users reported using only one flavor category, with fruit (53% youth, 31% adult) being the most commonly reported category. Adults were far more likely to report using tobacco flavor alone, compared to any other individual flavor category or flavor category combinations (OR: 21.08, 95%CI: 5.92, 75.12). Whereas, youth were more likely to report using multiple flavor categories (OR: 2.03, 95%CI: 1.55, 2.65), with the most reported pairing being fruit and candy (36%). The variety of flavors on the market appeals to consumers of all ages. Although most past 30-day e-cigarette users reported only one flavor category, non-tobacco flavors were far more common among youth. Differences in flavor preferences among adult versus youth vapers may have implications for the role of flavors in both the initiation of youth vaping and adult vaping for smoking cessation.

Human Rights versus National Interests: Shifting US Public Attitudes on the International Criminal Court

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1065-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelebogile Zvobgo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
International Criminal Court ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Us

Abstract The United States—an architect of international criminal tribunals in the twentieth century—has since moderated its involvement in international justice. Striking to many observers is the United States’ failure to join the International Criminal Court—the institutional successor to the tribunals the nation helped install in Germany, Japan, the Balkans, and Rwanda. Interestingly, the US public’s support of the ICC increases yearly despite the government’s ambivalence about, and even hostility toward, the Court. Drawing on the US foreign policy public opinion literature, I theorize that human rights frames increase support for joining the ICC among Americans, whereas national interest frames decrease support. I administer an online survey experiment to evaluate these expectations and find consistent support. I additionally test hypotheses from the framing literature in American politics regarding the effect of exposure to two competing frames. I find that participants exposed to competing frames hold more moderate positions than participants exposed to a single frame but differ appreciably from the control group. Crucially, I find that participants’ beliefs about international organizations’ effectiveness and impartiality are equally, if not more, salient than the treatments. Thus, the ICC may be able to mobilize support and pressure policy change by demonstrating effectiveness and impartiality.

30 Day Readmissions in Patients with Pulmonary Embolism in the United States

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 3540-3540
Author(s):  
Smit Patel ◽  
Kathan Dilipbhai Mehta ◽  
Keyur Patel ◽  
Smith Giri ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
The United States ◽  
Readmission Rates ◽  
The Us ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
Comorbidity Index ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Introduction: Pulmonary Embolism (PE) is an important cause of the morbidity and mortality in the United States (US). National estimates of 30-day readmissions in PE patients in the US are unknown. The objective of our study was to estimate readmission rates and identify causes, predictors and cost of readmissions in PE patients. Methods: We used National Readmission Dataset (NRD - the year 2013), Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality which represents one of the largest random sample of discharges from all hospitals, excluding rehabilitation and long-term acute care hospitals. NRD is designed to generate the national estimates of readmission analysis. NRD contains approximately unweighted 14 million discharges and weighted 36 million discharges. Discharge weights were utilized to generate the national estimates. The patients with PE were identified by primary discharge diagnosis with ICD9-CM code 415.1. All cause unplanned 30-day readmission rates were calculated for patients admitted between January and November 2013 by excluding elective readmissions. Deyo's modification of Charlson comorbidity index was used to define the severity of co-morbid conditions. Using SAS version 9.3, survey procedures were implemented to adjust for stratified cluster design of NRD with DOMAIN, STRATA, CLUSTER and WEIGHT statement. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. The independent predictors of unplanned 30-day readmissions were identified by logistic regression. The cost of readmission was calculated by multiplying total charges with the cost to charge ratio provided by HCUP. Results: The NRD contained 73,754 unique PE patients with 141,678 admissions (weighted N = 332,736) in 2013. After excluding elective readmissions, all cause 30-day readmission rate was 12.8%. The top causes of unplanned readmissions were pulmonary heart disease (11.1%), septicemia (6.6%), pneumonia (5.4%), congestive heart failure (4.4%), phlebitis (3.3%), gastrointestinal hemorrhage (3.1%), nonspecific chest pain (2.6%), respiratory failure (2.6%), cardiac dysrhythmias (2.5%), COPD and bronchiectasis (2.4%). The multivariate predictors for higher 30 day unplanned readmissions were Charlson comorbidity index (OR 1.13, p<0.0001), large bedside hospitals (OR 1.2, p<0.0001), metropolitan teaching hospitals (OR 1.14, p<0.0001), Medicaid payer (OR 1.37, p<0.0001), discharge on home health care (OR 1.45, p<0.0001), discharge against medical advice (OR 3.49, p<0.0001), any bleeding complications (OR 1.17, p=0.003), congestive heart failure (OR 1.51, p<0.0001), chronic pulmonary disease (OR 1.49, p<0.0001), cancer (OR 1.81, p<0.0001), operating room procedures (OR 1.48, p<0.0001), and septic shock (OR 1.27, p<0.0001). The multivariate predictors for lower 30 day unplanned readmissions were higher age (OR 0.99, p<0.0001), non-metropolitan hospitals (OR 0.84, p<0.0001), elective admission (OR 0.81, p=0.015), private payer including HMO (health maintenance organization) (OR 0.73, p<0.0001), saddle PE (OR 0.65, p<0.0001), and thrombolysis (OR 0.77, p=0.002). The estimated total cost of unplanned 30-day readmissions in PE patients was $1.02 billion for 2013. Conclusions: The unplanned 30-day readmission rates and the cost are high in PE patients in the US. Further research is needed to identify preventable readmissions, strategies to cut down the readmissions and eventually reduce the cost of readmissions in patients admitted with PE. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals The role of subject knowledge in academic health sciences libraries: an online survey of librarians working in the United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Academic Health ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Subject Knowledge ◽  
The Us

Introduction - Previous research suggests that Canadian academic health sciences librarians value knowledge of the health sciences and spend a considerable amount of time gaining and maintaining it. The current study replicates the earlier Canadian survey but employs a larger American sample to address three questions: Do academic health sciences librarians working in the United States find knowledge of the health sciences to be important, and if so, how do they acquire it? Do the attitudes of Canadian and American academic health sciences librarians differ with respect to subject knowledge? Methods - An invitation to participate in a Web-based survey was sent to 711 academic health sciences librarians working in the US; 154 participated. Results - Academic health sciences librarians in the US felt that keeping up with the scientific and medical literature was important to doing their jobs, although only 50% of respondents felt that a degree in the health sciences was somewhat or very useful. Discussion - Participating in professional organizations, visiting Web sites, and reading or browsing journals or magazines were rated by respondents as the best ways to become informed about the health sciences. Findings were similar to those of an earlier survey of Canadian academic health sciences librarians.

E-Cigarette Use Among Youths and Young Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: United States, 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. e1-e9
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Kreslake ◽  
Bethany J. Simard ◽  
Katie M. O’Connor ◽  
Minal Patel ◽  
Donna M. Vallone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Young People ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
At Home

Objectives. To determine whether the COVID-19 pandemic affected e-cigarette use among young people in the United States. Methods. Data came from a weekly cross-sectional online survey of youths and young adults (aged 15–24 years). Logistic regression analyses measured odds of past-30-day e-cigarette use (n = 5752) following widespread stay-at-home directives (March 14–June 29, 2020), compared with the pre‒COVID-19 period (January 1–March 13, 2020). Logistic regression among a subsample of current e-cigarette users (n = 779) examined factors associated with reduced use following stay-at-home orders. Results. Odds of current e-cigarette use were significantly lower during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the pre‒COVID-19 period among youths aged 15 to 17 years (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.54, 0.96) and young adults aged 18 to 20 years (OR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.52, 0.81). E-cigarette users with reduced access to retail environments had higher odds of reporting reduced e-cigarette use (OR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.07, 2.14). Conclusions. COVID-19 stay-at-home directives present barriers to e-cigarette access and are associated with a decline in e-cigarette use among young people. Public Health Implications. Findings support the urgent implementation of interventions that reduce underage access to e-cigarettes to accelerate a downward trajectory of youth and young adult e-cigarette use. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print April 15, 2021: e1–e9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306210 )

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