Gothic Art in Italy

Art History ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Thompson
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Periodical Literature ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Giorgio Vasari ◽  
The Past ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Italian Art ◽  
Almost All ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

This article covers a period in Italy, c. 1250 to c. 1400, often characterized as the beginnings of the Renaissance in Italy. While many scholars in the past—from Giorgio Vasari in the 16th century to 19th- and 20th-century founders of the discipline—sought the “primi lumi,” or first lights, of the Renaissance in the 13th- and 14th-century art of Italy, more recent scholarship in the field is concerned with the contexts in which art in this period was commissioned, created, and received. Some of the larger contextual concerns that have driven scholarship since the late 20th century are the proliferation of the mendicant orders and their roles as patrons; the burgeoning mercantile economy that fueled artistic and architectural commissions; the political power of the communes and the ways that art and architecture reflected and created civic identity; the reception of works of art by a variety of audiences; and the importance of materials and techniques in the creative lives of artists. Additionally, due in large part to Vasari’s love of Florence and Florentine art, a great deal of scholarship in the field attends to Florentine art and to central Italian art more generally. This article reflects that bias and contains scholarship mainly on central Italian art. The title of this entry implies that it is concerned only with Italian art that is related in some way—visually, socially, theologically—to the art of northern Europe, where what art historians call the Gothic style originated in the 12th century. While some of the scholarship in this article centers on artistic exchange between northern Europe and Italy or examines Italian art that is Gothic in style, it is not limited to these issues. This article is intended to serve advanced undergraduates, beginning graduate students, and scholars seeking to do research in a new field, and it includes almost all books, many of them published within the past twenty years, with the intent that the bibliographies of the books will lead students and researchers to the older sources and periodical literature relevant to their scholarly interests.

Abortion and Infanticide

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Public Defense ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of infanticide and abortion in Latin America has garnered increasing attention in the past two decades. Particularities of topic and temporal focus characterize this work and shape this bibliography’s geographic organization. Mexico possesses the most developed scholarship in both the colonial and modern periods. There, tracing of the persistence of pre-Conquest Indigenous medical knowledge and the endurance of paraprofessional obstetrical practitioners through the colonial era and into the 19th century features prominently and echoes some of the scholarship examining European midwives’ administration of plant-based abortifacients in the medieval and Early Modern eras. This topic plays a role, but a much less prominent one in scholarship on Colombia, Peru, and Brazil. Scholars of Brazil, the Caribbean, and circum-Caribbean have focused in particular on the issue of enslaved mothers’ commission of infanticide and abortion on their own children in the 18th and 19th centuries, a particularly fraught issue in the context of the abolition of the slave trade. A central assumption in much scholarship on the 19th-century professionalization (and masculinization) of obstetrical medicine is that the marginalization of midwives entailed a reduction in women’s access to abortion, although this position has been challenged in some recent scholarship on 19th-century Mexico in particular. The examination of the ways that the new republics perceived the crimes of infanticide and abortion in their legal codes, judicial processes, and in community attitudes is a central focus of 19th- and 20th-century scholarship. Scholars have remarked upon the considerable uniformity across all regions of a paucity of denunciations or convictions in the first half of the 19th century and the rise of criminal trials for both crimes in its last three decades. This change coincided (although no one has argued been provoked by) many countries’ issuance of national penal codes in the 1870s and 1880s. This intensification of persecution also coincided with the Catholic church’s articulation of an explicit condemnation of abortion (Pius IX’s 1869 bull Apostolicae Sedis), although demonstrating the concrete implications of this decree to the Latin American setting remains a task yet to be undertaken. Historians of both abortion and infanticide have also concentrated on defendant motives and defenses in criminal investigations. While some highlight defendants’ economic desperation, most scholars argue that the public defense of female sexual honor was a crucial motivator, which courts understood as a legitimate concern in 19th- and even mid-20th-century trials. Scholarship on 20th-century infanticide and abortion history continues to concentrate on fluctuations in attitudes toward honor, gender, and the family as influences on criminal codes and especially judicial sentencing for both acts, and toward the late 20th century on feminist efforts to decriminalize abortion that have met with varied success across countries.

scholarly journals Number of wild and domestic reindeer in Russia in the late 20th century

Rangifer ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonid M. Baskin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Past

The dynamics of wild and tame reindeer populations in Russia during 1991-99 are described. Causes of declining numbers during this period are suggested and comparison is made with population fluctuations in the past.

Hans Memling

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitzi Kirkland-Ives
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
High Profile ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Italian Art ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
The 19Th Century

Hans Memling (b. c. 1440–d. 1494) was a German-born painter active in Bruges, Belgium, from 1465 to his death in 1494. Over the thirty years of his known activity Memling was one of the most successful painters in Bruges, producing works ranging from small devotional panels and individual portraits to large-scale retables for both a local and an international clientele. Memling was especially popular among the communities of foreign merchants and bankers present in Bruges, then among the most important mercantile centers of northern Europe. Memling was respected as one of the best-known northern artists internationally after his death, and ranked alongside such artists as Raphael in the 19th century and considered a paragon of pious medieval Christian artists—appealing to the Romantic tastes of that era—but his critical fortunes turned with 20th-century preferences and he was relegated by some scholars to the second tier of artists. The 500th anniversary of Memling’s death in 1994, however, saw a resurgence of interest in Memling’s work. In the years that have followed a number of high-profile exhibitions and related catalogues and essay collections have contributed greatly to the study of his work and legacy, as have a number of updated catalogues raisonnés. Today Memling is recognized as among the first rank of painters of the last quarter of the 15th century, particularly appreciated as a leading innovator in portraiture—among other contributions developing further the devotional portrait diptych—and credited with the development of novel new compositions (especially ingenious are the narrative panoramas). Memling is also recognized for his place among those northern artists identified as having a strong influence on developments in Italian art in the last quarter of the 15th century through his international clientele and the resulting presence and reception of his work in Florence in particular.

scholarly journals Traditional and Modern Forms of the Cossack Culture in the Late 20th – Early 21st Centuries. Revival, Transformation, and Cultural Construction

2020 ◽  
pp. 197-212
Author(s):  
Olga Rvacheva ◽  
Pierre Labrunie
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Cultural Identification ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Cultural System ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Creation

Introduction. The paper deals with studying the formation of culture elements during the Cossacks revival process in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. The cultural pattern of a community is always changing. Cultural practices and traditions of the past get integrated into the modern social conditions, while new values and rituals assume the character of traditional ones. The topicality of the subject derives from the fact that the Cossack culture was subject to a dramatic transformation in the 20th century, while many elements of the culture were wiped out. The transmission of the cultural tradition was interrupted. The Cossacks revival in the late 20th century supposed a return to traditional historical forms. However, this task proved difficult because of the break in the transmission of the ethnic culture. The formation of the present-day Cossack cultural system supposed the selection of some elements of culture from the past and their integration into the new conditions as well as the creation of new forms of culture that would contribute to the cultural identification of the Cossacks. Methods and materials. Historiography has predominantly described the traditional forms of the Cossack culture. The issues of cultural construction were touched upon only occasionally. This paper applies the historical and chronological, historicalgenetic methods as well as the conception of socio-cultural construction. Analysis. During the Cossacks revival process its participants demonstrated a sharp increase of interest in the traditional forms of culture. The attempts at their integration into the present-day conditions led to the deformation of cultural forms. They lost their authenticity and transformed themselves into secondary forms of culture, thus cultural patterns of the modern Cossacks got changed. At the same time, new cultural traditions and norms were “invented”. Their function was to fix Cossacks identity and to show that the Cossacks do exist in the social life of the country. The adaptation of the traditions and historical elements of the Cossack socio-cultural system had its peculiarities. The traditions and elements were taken from different epochs and formed an arbitrary composition of different cultural phenomena. Traditions played an important role in the Cossacks revival process because they acted as cultural identification markers for the Cossack community. For that reason even new cultural practices were given the appearance of traditions. Results. In the late 20th – early 21st centuries the restoration of the Cossack culture was actually its construction. A number of trends can be traced in the process. They developed concurrently and contributed to the creation of new cultural milieu.

scholarly journals Wpływ podróży na dynamikę życia wybranych uczniów Ksawerego Liskego

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 181-202
Author(s):  
Mariola Hoszowska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Development ◽  
Search Queries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Full Professorship ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Point Of Reference

The author of the article analyses the questions of the influence of travelling on the dynamics of life of selected students of Ksawery Liski, i.e. Bronisław Gorczak (1854–1918) and Wiktor Czermak (1863–1913). The former, after graduating from his studies in Lviv, at the beginning of 1870s, he became an archivist, and subsequently also a librarian, in Sławuta in Volhynia, for the prince Roman Damian Sanguszko. The latter, after defending at the Jagiellonian University his Ph. D. thesis written in Lviv, could take part in search queries in archives in Rome, Berlin, Vienna, with time obtaining full professorship. The author concludes that at the turn of the 19th and 20th century, scientific travels were an important factor in the research development of the past and Lviv remained a constant point of reference for Liski’s alumni.

scholarly journals A Nightmare on the Brains of the Living: Repeating the Past and Imagining a Future

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (49-50) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel Bolt Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Realistic Approach ◽  
The Future ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

In a historical situation characterised by crisis, wars and widespread protests the question of the relationship between past Left-revolutionary endeavours and present political challenges is of utmost importance for the possibility of mounting an anti-systemic challenge to capitalism. T. J. Clark’s essay ‘For a Left with No Future’ argues that the future-oriented stance of the 19th and 20th Century Left turned the Left into a disastrous dobbel- gänger of capitalist modernity causing havoc and death instead of being a genuine opposition to capitalism. The great refusals have to be replaced with a ‘modest’ and more ‘realistic’ approach, Clark argues, enabling the Left to understand the human propensity to violence and therefore engaging in a kind of anti-war activism. This article rejects Clark’s analysis and tries to save the revolutionary perspective Clark is trying to get rid of arguing that it is indeed the Left that we have to bury. Juxtaposing Clark’s argument with a reading of Michèle Bernstein’s ‘Victories of the Proletariat’ made as part of the 1963 Situationist exhibition ‘Destruction of RSG-6’ the article attempts to contribute to the re-formulation of a contemporary revolutionary position on the basis of the breakdown of the programmatic Left.

ABU BAKR IBN AL-MUNDHIR, AMPUTATION, AND THE ART OF IJTIHĀD

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott C. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Semantic Shift ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Few Islamic concepts have undergone as radical a semantic shift over the past couple of centuries as ijtihād. This Arabic term, confined for centuries to sophisticated works of legal theory (uṣūl al-fiqh), has been liberated and transformed into the handmaiden of modern Muslim reformists throughout the world. Numerous Western scholars have investigated either the classical legal ijtihād of the first definition above or the modern employment of ijtihād among reformists encapsulated in the second, succinct gloss of this word. Valuable studies have been published on topics ranging from the relationship between ijtihād and writing fatwas (iftāء) to the so-called “closure of the gate of ijtihād” to the role of ijtihād in 19th- and 20th-century reform movements. In short, ijtihād is ubiquitous in modern studies and formulations of Islam.

scholarly journals Testing the consistency between changes in simulated climate and Alpine glacier length over the past millennium

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugues Goosse ◽  
Pierre-Yves Barriat ◽  
Quentin Dalaiden ◽  
François Klein ◽  
Ben Marzeion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Glacier Length ◽  
Past Millennium

Abstract. It is standard to compare climate model results covering the past millennium and reconstructions based on various archives in order to test the ability of models to reproduce the observed climate variability. Up to now, glacier length fluctuations have not been used systematically in this framework even though they offer information on multi-decadal to centennial variations complementary to other records. One reason is that glacier length depends on several complex factors and so cannot be directly linked to the simulated climate. However, climate model skill can be measured by comparing the glacier length computed by a glacier model driven by simulated temperature and precipitation to observed glacier length variations. This is done here using the version 1.0 of Open Global Glacier Model (OGGM) forced by fields derived from a range of simulations performed with global climate models over the past millennium. The glacier model is applied to a set of Alpine glaciers for which observations cover at least the 20th century. The observed glacier length fluctuations are generally well within the range of the simulations driven by the various climate model results, showing a general consistency with this ensemble of simulations. Sensitivity experiments indicate that the results are much more sensitive to the simulated climate than to OGGM parameters. This confirms that the simulations of glacier length can be used to evaluate the climate model performance, in particular the summer temperatures that largely control the glacier changes in our region of interest. Simulated glacier length is strongly influenced by the internal variability of the system, putting limitations on the model-data comparison for some variables like the trends over the 20th century in the Alps. Nevertheless, comparison of glacier length fluctuations on longer timescales, for instance between the 18th century and the late 20th century, appear less influenced by the natural variability and indicate clear differences in the behaviour of the various climate models.

Ethical Theories and Approaches to Immigration in the United States: A Focus on Undocumented Immigrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 026537882199421
Author(s):  
Alex Sackey-Ansah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Undocumented Immigrants ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Immigration Reform ◽  
Ethical Theories ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ethical Stance

The United States has dealt with issues on immigration for over a century. The largest wave of immigration before the late 20th century began in the 1870s and peaked in 1910 (Foley & Hoge, 2007). In the past few decades, the United States has dealt overwhelmingly with the issue of undocumented immigrants. This challenge has led to different approaches to immigration reform and to help regulate the influx of immigrants across its borders. Generally, however, there have been two major sets of voices indicative of the opinion of the American populace. One group has called for tighter immigration rules to prevent the easy entry of undocumented immigrants who have been branded as criminals. The other group has taken a moral and ethical stance to permit the entry of immigrants and to formulate a process for their legal residency. These two opposing views have triggered an ongoing discussion on undocumented immigrants.

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