Issues
This chapter argues that a substantive definition of religion provides considerable clarity, enabling us helpfully to differentiate religion from culture, ethnicity and politics. Such differentiation has become possible only with the rise of the modern West. The secularization thesis claims that with modernity religion loses its importance. This thesis is commonly held to be wrong; this book by contrast upholds the thesis, from a novel standpoint. Secularization is usually argued with reference to affiliation and attendance, with belief less analyzed. This book directly addresses the issue of contemporary belief and argues that belief (or a cognitive element) is integral to religion substantively understood. Traditionally, this cognition has entailed reference to otherworldly forces, and it is this otherworldly reference that modernity has peripheralized. Identity in the modern world increasingly has marginalized supernatural referents.