Three Questions of Methodology

Wight composed this note to make clear three caveats about his exposition of three main traditions of thinking about international politics in Western societies since the sixteenth century (Realism, Rationalism, and Revolutionism). First, the sources considered include not only works by theorists and international lawyers, but also statements and policies of politicians. Second, it is imperative to avoid ‘the hypostatization of categories’—that is, ‘taking a classificatory system too seriously and too concretely’ and attributing objective reality to intellectual concepts. The views of specific thinkers are more valuable than generalizations about shared opinions in categories or claims of progress in philosophical understanding over the centuries. Third, the scholar’s role concerning value judgements in this effort to elucidate the three traditions consists of ‘exposition and comparison, not criticism in any sense of propounding theory’ for the critical assessment of the ideas expressed in these traditions.

Protecting the Freedom of Corporate Commercial Expression and Advertising

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) has consistently recognized corporationsas entities falling within the scope of protection of the European Convention on Human Rights.The ECHR’s perception of corporations as “beneficiaries” of human rights is subject to criticism forconceptual incompatibility (human rights can only apply to people) and accusations that as long ascompanies refuse to commit to human rights, they should not be able to benefit from their protection).There is a discussion in the scientific literature about the philosophical and legal rationale forgranting corporations human rights. It is clear that human rights are for man. Therefore, they needa philosophical understanding and theoretical substantiation of the issue of extrapolation of humanrights protection to corporations; because corporations have a certain impact on the economic andsocial life of people, people in this context are the weaker sides. What are the consequences?This article will consider the European Court of Human Rights’ approaches to protecting corporationsfor freedom of expression and advertising under Article 10 of the Convention on Human Rights.The main principles of protection of freedom of corporate expression and advertising are: 1) thecorporation has the right not only to protect freedom of expression and advertising, which appliesnot only to “information” or “ideas” that are favorably (positively) perceived by society, but alsothose that are considered offensive or shocking. Such are the demands of pluralism, tolerance andbroad-mindedness, without which there is no “democratic society;” 2) the protection of freedomof expression of corporations is subject to exceptions, which, however, must be interpreted strictly,and the need for any restrictions must be sufficiently convincing; 3) exceptions to the protectionof freedom of expression presuppose the existence of an “urgent social need” which determineswhether a “restriction” is compatible with freedom of expression, which is protected by Article 10 ofthe ECHR; 4) The task of the European Court of Human Rights in the administration of justice is todetermine whether the restrictions were “proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued” and whetherthe grounds given by the national authorities to justify them were “relevant and sufficient.” In doingso, the Court must satisfy itself that the domestic authorities applied standards which complied withthe principles enshrined in Article 10 of the Convention and, in addition, relied on an acceptableassessment of the relevant facts.According to the author, the criteria developed by the ECHR for assessing the protection of theright to freedom of corporate commercial expression and advertising are fair and effective. Given thefact that the European Convention on Human Rights is a living mechanism that should be interpretedin the “light” of modern conditions, the emergence of new improved approaches to determiningthe extent and existence of violations in this area should not be ruled out. It is true that in today’smarketplace, corporations have the right to defend their rights, including freedom of expression andadvertising, and to protect themselves, for example, from unfair competition, when a corporationis “attacked” by unfair accusations or baseless accusations that damage its business reputation. Inaddition, corporations must also respect and respect human rights. According to the author, thecreation of a truly effective mechanism for monitoring the observance of human rights by corporations can balance the weights of “opponents” and “supporters” of recognizing the right of corporations toprotection by referring to the principles of the European Convention on Human Rights.

Progress in simulating human geography: Assemblage theory and the practice of multi-agent artificial intelligence modeling

Over the last few years, there has been an explosion of interest in assemblage theory among human geographers. During this same period, a growing number of scholars in the field have utilized computational methodologies to simulate the complex adaptive systems they study. However, very little attention has been paid to the connections between these two developments. This article outlines those connections and argues that more explicitly integrating assemblage theory and computer modeling can encourage a more robust philosophical understanding of both and facilitate progress in scientific research on the ways in which complex socio-material systems form and transform.

Formation and principles of social and philosophical understanding of the category “civic consciousness”

The relevance of the work is due to the need of comprehending the process of formation and content filling of the category of civic consciousness in the modern world based on the principles of philosophers understanding of the categories consciousness and self-consciousness in social and humanitarian knowledge. The purpose of the study is to consider certain aspects of civic consciousness not only by revealing its essence, as a modern manifestation of the phenomenon of a persons awareness of his civic status, but also from the standpoint of the significance of his potential in social and humanitarian knowledge in general. As a methodological basis of the research, we define the humanitarian problematization of the material under study, which provides a philosophical formulation of the research problem, which, in combination with the dialectical method, allows us to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the category of civic consciousness. Consideration of the category indicated by us allows us to determine how, through the development of social consciousness, there is an understanding of the events and phenomena occurring in society, as well as the establishment of a persons place in social and political life and, as a result, self-determination and self-consciousness of a person in society. The plurality of approaches to the study of the formation of civic consciousness allows us to conclude that there is a high need to consider this issue in all historical periods. Based on the formed ideas about self-awareness, we have established the following models of self-awareness of a person and a citizen: world man, world man transformation, world 1 man transformation world 2, world 1 man transformation world 2 number person. Thus, civic consciousness in the structure of power relations is the subjects consciousness of his skills and abilities, along with an awareness of the actions performed by the subject in order to be involved in the processes established by the power structures.

Sound phantoms: The hidden sonic signatures resident in objects with particular reference to that of the tree

<p>This exegesis informs the ten accompanying audiovisual artworks which express the concept of the sound phantom. The sound phantom is a speculative entity, enjoying persistence, and harboured by all objects. It consists of every sound, real or conceptual, that the object has made or could make, past and future, time-condensed and folded into spatial form. Once this form, or field, is entered by a listener, various sonic representations of the object can be experienced. The object chosen for this paper is that of the tree. There is a possibility that the sound phantom is an ancient idea in both academia and cultural fora, though it has not necessarily enjoyed the scrutiny and artistic response presented here. Given that the actual sound of an object is only part of the sound phantom, the phantom encompasses sonic representation of its other sensual properties (such as visual and textural) as well as conceptual (such as human and non-human perceptions of the object, and its own memories and goals). The sound phantom can be imagined as a zone straddling the boundary of scientific/philosophical understanding and the unknown. There is support from existing academic research for the existence of such a concept, not least in that conceptual and sensory objects enjoy the same status as objects, even if their ‘realness’ is what is in question. This also implies that at some level these objects have experience and even agency, even if it is far from human understanding. Once we accept that different life forms exist on vastly different timescales, it becomes easier to accept the notion that slowly-moving organisms like trees may be able to sense, remember, communicate and make decisions. If we could somehow perceive the object’s ‘sonic self’, that may re-encourage an idea that has been in decline over the last few hundred years: that of inter-entity empathy. At least in practice, it is undeniable that the environment and its non-human inhabitants have been severely disrespected and damaged to a critical point in modern times. If we are able to empathise with other things through art, we might yet rekindle enough action to avert disaster to both the world and ourselves. I have chosen established media to portray the idea of the sound phantom, using 2D projection of biaxial 360º video material as a visual guide to the immersive 7.1-surround sonic material. There are other artists that have approached various aspects of the idea of the sound phantom, if not necessarily the political reasons for doing so. Even though our perception of the sound phantom can only be partial, through this paper and our powers of cognition, we might yet be able to grasp the concept and remember that we are not seperate from the world, but of it, and would do well to realise that through our individual and collective actions. This exegesis and the works are a first a step along that pathway.</p>

Sound phantoms: The hidden sonic signatures resident in objects with particular reference to that of the tree

<p>This exegesis informs the ten accompanying audiovisual artworks which express the concept of the sound phantom. The sound phantom is a speculative entity, enjoying persistence, and harboured by all objects. It consists of every sound, real or conceptual, that the object has made or could make, past and future, time-condensed and folded into spatial form. Once this form, or field, is entered by a listener, various sonic representations of the object can be experienced. The object chosen for this paper is that of the tree. There is a possibility that the sound phantom is an ancient idea in both academia and cultural fora, though it has not necessarily enjoyed the scrutiny and artistic response presented here. Given that the actual sound of an object is only part of the sound phantom, the phantom encompasses sonic representation of its other sensual properties (such as visual and textural) as well as conceptual (such as human and non-human perceptions of the object, and its own memories and goals). The sound phantom can be imagined as a zone straddling the boundary of scientific/philosophical understanding and the unknown. There is support from existing academic research for the existence of such a concept, not least in that conceptual and sensory objects enjoy the same status as objects, even if their ‘realness’ is what is in question. This also implies that at some level these objects have experience and even agency, even if it is far from human understanding. Once we accept that different life forms exist on vastly different timescales, it becomes easier to accept the notion that slowly-moving organisms like trees may be able to sense, remember, communicate and make decisions. If we could somehow perceive the object’s ‘sonic self’, that may re-encourage an idea that has been in decline over the last few hundred years: that of inter-entity empathy. At least in practice, it is undeniable that the environment and its non-human inhabitants have been severely disrespected and damaged to a critical point in modern times. If we are able to empathise with other things through art, we might yet rekindle enough action to avert disaster to both the world and ourselves. I have chosen established media to portray the idea of the sound phantom, using 2D projection of biaxial 360º video material as a visual guide to the immersive 7.1-surround sonic material. There are other artists that have approached various aspects of the idea of the sound phantom, if not necessarily the political reasons for doing so. Even though our perception of the sound phantom can only be partial, through this paper and our powers of cognition, we might yet be able to grasp the concept and remember that we are not seperate from the world, but of it, and would do well to realise that through our individual and collective actions. This exegesis and the works are a first a step along that pathway.</p>

The Thesaurus Approach to Shakespearean Studies

Изучение творчества Шекспира в парадигме междисциплинарности является актуальной задачей. Тезаурусный подход исследований Шекспира и его современников позволяет сосредоточиться на междисциплинарном изучении шекспировского творчества. В статье анализируются основные направления шекспировских исследований, которые давно вышли за пределы англоязычной культуры. Во многих университетах мира изучают не только литературу позднего Ренессанса, эволюцию шекспировской поэтики, шекспировские реминисценции в национальных литературах, но и другие, казалось бы далеко стоящие от художественной литературы явления. Важными в научной и преподавательской деятельности стали исследования, ориентированные на философское прочтение творчества великого драматурга. Новые возможности открывают Интернет и цифровые технологии. Тезаурусный подход в современной гуманитаристике должен трансформироваться и стать методом анализа концептов и концептосфер, которые образуют тезаурусы. Как инструмент познания, метод способствует формированию полноты и глубины знания в междисциплинарных исследованиях. Каждый их сегмент открывает шекспировскую семантику культурных констант, объединяющих человечество и расширяющих тезаурус мировой культуры, не только национальный, но и мировой тезаурус творчества Шекспира. The background for Shakespearean studies gains importance in an interdisciplinary context. The thesaurus approach of studying Shakespeare, his contemporaries, and the daily life of his epoch helps to concentrate on the aspect of interdisciplinary studies of Shakespeare's creative works. Following this task, the author of the article researches the key areas of Shakespearean studies. Today, Shakespeare is not only the genius of Anglo-Saxon literature, but also one of the pillars of Anglo-American educational system both at school and at university. Shakespearean studies have long gone beyond the framework of the English-speaking cultures. Turning to Shakespeare, researchers of the largest educational centers of the world study not only the literature of the late Renaissance period, the evolution of Shakespearean poetics in the context of world culture, Shakespearean allusions in national literatures, not only the development of dramaturgy, the history of the theatre, music, the cinema, but also other disciplines seemingly unconnected to the world artistic culture. The research oriented at philosophical understanding of the great playwright's work has gained special significance for scientific and teaching activity. Studying Shakespeare's work in the 21st Century is closely connected to the Internet and information technologies. In a sense, the thesaurus approach in modern humanities should be transformed and become a method of analyzing the concepts and conceptospheres that form thesauri.

Education as a subject of philosophy

Discussed is upbringing as a socio-cultural characteristic of social experience, which makes it possible to form an idea of ​​upbringing as a necessity for social progress in philosophical thought. A complex of philosophical and pedagogical methods is used: analysis, synthesis, comparison, discourse analysis of educational programs, secondary analysis of the results of sociological research. It is determined that modern pedagogy is characterized by a crisis of the educational process, which has arisen with an urgent need for a philosophical understanding of the problem of education. The purpose of this work is to analyze the specifics of a philosophical approach to the phenomenon of education as a process of socio-philosophical research. In this regard, a need arose to study the essence of the phenomenon of education in the context of global information technology. According to the authors, the philosophy of upbringing is the most important factor in the interdisciplinary study of the problems of upbringing for the improvement of society. n arguing this issue, the authors are based on the pedagogical concepts of famous philosophers who determined the development of pedagogy of the last century. Thus, the authors propose to include in the curriculum the course “Philosophy of Education” that exists in the universities of the CIS. The authors of the articles identified the priorities of the effectiveness of higher and secondary specialized education in interdisciplinary research of the problem of education.

QUALITY OF LIFE IN A PANDEMIC: A PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECT

The article is devoted to defining the understanding of quality of life and analysis of key issues of life in a pandemic. The need for a philosophical understanding of the problems associated with overcoming the effects of the pandemic has been noted. The significant impact of quarantine restrictions on people's behavior, lifestyle, development of the economy, education and tourism is emphasized. Quality of life in a pandemic is defined as a comprehensive indicator of meeting the needs of people, taking into account material, psychological and social factors. The article notes that the consequences of the pandemic are manifested in the rethinking of human life, the need to resolve financial and economic contradictions, psychological problems, achieving comfort and security. Improving the quality and standard of living should occur not only through socio-economic levers of influence, but also through deep philosophical thinking, awareness of further steps to overcome the effects of the pandemic.