Rufino Joins the Slave Trade
Now a freedman, Rufino starts working as a cook aboard slave ships, a strategic position in the business of transporting captives alive across the Atlantic, for cooks kept the slaves and crew healthy during the Middle Passage lasting 27 to 60 days. Rufino may also have used his earlier experience to prepare medicine and amulets for Muslim slaves. After the slave trade was banned in 1831, slave ships were frequently overcrowded, leading to an increase in mortality rates. Rufino’s first employer was a trader named Joaquim José da Rocha who sent slaves from Angola to Rio de Janeiro. Later, he would work for other slave traders, such as Joaquim Ribeiro de Brito, who operated between Luanda and Recife, in the province of Pernambuco, where at least 28,000 slaves were disembarked between 1837 and 1841.