The Influence of Geographical Conditions, Area and Information System on Economic Development: Mediating Impacts of International Relations

The goal attached to the ongoing research is to explore the influence of geographical conditions, geographical area and information system on the economic development in Russia. The aim that is also attached with the current article is to examine the mediating impact of international relations among the nexus of geographical conditions, geographical area, information system and economic development in Russia. The study and questionnaires have followed the quantitative method of collecting data were used for this purpose. The economist and geographical planner are the respondents while smart-PLS were used to analyze the data by means of checking the reliability, validity and testing of hypotheses. The results show that geographical conditions, geographical area and information system have a positive association with economic development in Russia. The outcomes also exposed that international relations positively mediates among the links of geographical conditions, geographical area, information system and economic development in Russia. These outcomes are providing the guidelines to the regulators that they should increase their focus on the geographical conditions, area and information system factors that could enhance economic development in the country.

Audit Committee, Effectiveness, Bankruptcy Prediction, and Solvency Level Affect Audit Delay

This study is to gather empirical evidence on the effectiveness of the Audit Committee, bankruptcy forecasts and audit delay solvency. Various manufacturing industries listed on the Indonesian Börse in 2015-2019 were among the population in this study. A selection from 11 companies with 55 observational data was obtained by using the purposeful sampling technique. Testing of hypotheses and the analyzes is conducted using Eviews-10 for the regression of panel data. The findings showed that the efficacy of the audit committee has no significant impact on audit delays, that bankruptcy predictions have a significant impact on the audit delay and that audit delays have a significant impact on the level of solvency.

Non-random errors and their importance in testing of hypotheses

Increasing numbers of non-random errors are observed in contemporary sample surveying – in particular, those resulting from no response or faulty measutrements (imprecise statistical observation). Until recently, the consequences of these kinds of errors have not been widely discussed in the context of the testing of hypoteses. Researchers focused almost entirely on sampling errors (random errors), whose magnitude decreases as the size of the random sample grows. In consequence, researchers who often use samples of very large sizes tend to overlook the influence random and non-random errors have on the results of their study. The aim of this paper is to present how non-random errors can affect the decision-making process based on the classical hypothesis testing procedure. Particular attention is devoted to cases in which researchers manage samples of large sizes. The study proved the thesis that samples of large sizes cause statistical tests to be more sensitive to non-random errors. Systematic errors, as a special case of non-random errors, increase the probability of making the wrong decision to reject a true hypothesis as the sample size grows. Supplementing the testing of hypotheses with the analysis of confidence intervals may in this context provide substantive support for the researcher in drawing accurate inferences.

Pengaruh Persepsi Kualitas, Citra Merek, Brand WarenessPadaKeputusan Pembelian Pada CV Pia Manalagi KetapanKota Probolinggo

Based on research to know the effectof perception the quality, brand image, brand awareness trhadap decision the purchase by consumers CV.Pia Manalagi Ketapang ProbolinggoCity.Population research every consumer CV.Pia Manalagi Ketapang ProbolinggoCity.Sample consist of 30 respondents to technique incidental sampling.The method of analysis data using the validity, reliability test, regression analysis linear multiple and analysisthe coefficients determination.Based on the results of the testing of hypotheses done can be concluded that variable perception the quality, image brands and brand awareness based partial having influence a positive and significant on the decision the purchase CV.Pia Manalagi Ketapang ProbolinggoCity.The coefficients analysis determination show 69,7 % decision buy effectby perception the quality, brand image, brand awareness. Keywords: Perception of quality, brand image, brand awareness, purchasing decision

Conditionals and Abduction

The chapter gives a preliminary sketch of some cognitive differences between indicative conditionals and counterfactual conditionals relevant to the testing of hypotheses by experiment. They especially concern cases where the indicative conditional can be decided without new evidence while the counterfactual conditional cannot. They also show that the antecedent of a ‘counterfactual’ conditional need not be presupposed to be false. Differences connected with the past tense morphology of ‘would’ are explored. Cases are given where the morphology should be understood as expressing a ‘fake past’, modal rather than temporal.