Slave Purchasing Strategies and Shipboard Mortality: Day-to-Day Evidence from the Dutch African Trade, 1751–1797

2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon J. Hogerzeil ◽  
David Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Middle Passage ◽  
Slave Traders ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
In Transit ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Close Investigation ◽  
Shed Light

The mortality of enslaved Africans in the Atlantic crossing has long preoccupied historians but the relationship between slave traders' purchasing strategies and slave mortality rates in transit has escaped close investigation. We address these issues by using records of 39 eighteenth-century voyages of the Dutch Middelburgsche Commercie Compagnie. These allow shipboard mortality rates of enslaved Africans to be estimated. They also reveal previously un-noticed age- and gender-based variations in slave purchase and mortality patterns, which in turn shed light on the relative importance of African and shipboard conditions in determining slave survival rates in the middle passage.

Othering Honor-Based Violence: The Perspective of Antiviolence Operators in Northern Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
Marina Della Rocca ◽  
Dorothy Louise Zinn
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Women's Shelters ◽  
Women’S Shelters ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In recent years, so-called honor-based violence has become a major issue for the operators of the women's shelters in South Tyrol (Northern Italy) that support women who have suffered from domestic violence. The antiviolence operators who work in the women's shelters generally relate this form of violence to the experiences of young migrant-origin women. In this article, we discuss the operators' definitions of honor-based violence, which present a variety of dichotomous categories that reveal a process of othering and evoke the lexicon of the international conventions on gender discrimination and gender-based violence. Indeed, some traces of an essentialist understanding of culture are still recognizable in this lexicon, most of all in the relationship of culture with the concept of honor. We conclude by identifying possible ways to overcome the risk of essentialization in the antiviolence operators' practices, suggesting how to redefine them by incorporating the migrant-origin women's perspectives and stressing the significance of this study for a wider understanding of the women's empowerment in the advocacy work of the women's shelters.

scholarly journals The Effect of Work Experience and Educational Level on Official Translators’ Familiarity with Ethics in Translation and their Commitment to the Principles; an Iranian survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Rosa Ghasemi Nejad
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Australian Institute ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

Although ethics in translation is not a new realm of study, it is almost intact for official translators in Iran. This study aims to evaluate translators’ familiarity and commitment to universally accepted ethical issues. Moreover the present study attempts to shed light on the relationship between translators’ educational levels and work experience and their familiarity and commitment to universally accepted translation ethical issues. The Australian Institute of Interpreters and Translators (AUSIT) has published a code of ethics for the members and obliges them to observe the principles. The first five principles are related to “Professional Conduct”, “Confidentiality”, “Competence”, “Impartiality” and “Accuracy”, which were obtained to conduct the present research. The instrument utilized in this study was a questionnaire containing 35 items presented to official translators in three populated cities in Iran, Tehran, Mashhad and Kerman. The multiple-choice researcher-made questionnaire was constructed in Persian to reduce any possible ambiguity. The present study conducted in 2016 on certified official translators and interpreters, either male or female, aged between 25 to about 52. However, it does not take age and gender into account. The study findings reveal that work experience and level of education have significant relationship with commitment and familiarity. SPSS and One-Way ANOVA were utilized to analyze the data.1.INTRODUCTIONEthics in translation is such a new subject in Iran that most of the official translators cannot avoid expressing their shock as they hear the term ethics in translation. Although ethics has been already introduced in many translation centers in many countries such as Australia and the USA, It is still new in Iran and degree of official translators’ familiarity with the principles and their commitment to them is unknown. Not observing the principles equals maximizing ethical challenges faced by translators and interpreters since they have a crucial role in many different situations related to human interactions (Baker, 2016). A study seemed necessary to evaluate their performance that can lead to an improvement per se since observing ethics is so important that philosophy believes it is a main source of making decisions arbitrarily unless the actions would be “aimless”, (Rupani, 2015). Such a study can introduce the necessity of ethics to translators, if it is then determined unknown and required. Afterwards, a comprehensive and culturally appropriate code of ethics will be proposed to Iranian Association of Certified Translators and Interpreters.AUSIT (Australian Institute of Interpreters and Translators) published one of the most accredited codes of ethPublishedby Australian

Gender, Migration, and Latin America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Ariza
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Academic Production ◽  
Female Migration ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Representative Work ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Selection Of

It has been more than forty years since the first international meeting on “Women in the Migration Process” was held in Mexico City in 1974. Since then, a voluminous academic production has emerged to trace the relationship between migration and gender inequalities in Latin America and institutionalize this nascent academic field. Important contributions in this field have shed light on women in migratory processes, demystified the predominantly associational character of female migration, stressed the heterogeneity of women’s journeys, challenged the previously held consensus on migration as a mechanism of female empowering, and, finally, problematized variables such as class, ethnic, and generational distinctions in nonlinear reciprocal relations. Using a mixed-methods approach, this chapter includes a selection of the most representative work in this field, then presents more recent research on migration and gender in the region produced from 2006 to 2018.

scholarly journals Hegemony and the internalisation of homophobia caused by heteronormativity

2007 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda Dreyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Sexual Minorities ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Shed Light

The aim of the article is to focus on hegemony as it relates to the issue of sexuality and the trauma imposed on sexual minorities. A point of departure is that social identity theories can shed light on homophobia. The article argues that an empathic approach to those traumatised by internalised homophobia calls for a gay-friendly psychotherapy/analysis. The article reflects particularly on how heteronormativity maintains homophobia. It also illustrates the relationship between homophobia and social scientific insights regarding personality types and gender. The concepts homophobia and the internalisation of homophobia are discussed by focusing on aspects such as personality types and violence. The article finds that blind submission to heteronormativity, an outdated social construct, traumatises those who do not conform to the hetero norm, in two ways: hegemony is one consequence, and internalised homophobia is another.

Gleichberechtigung und Demokratie, Gleichberechtigung in der Demokratie

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Federal Courts ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

This conference transcript collects the lectures given at the interdisciplinary conference on gender equality and democracy, which took place in Hamburg in December 2017. The book addresses the issue of gender quotas for parliaments, elected committees in public administration and federal courts. While Germany celebrates the 100th anniversary of women's suffrage in 2018/19, women are still underrepresented at top level positions in politics. The current political debate seeks effective options to increase the representation of women. Binding quotas promise a solution and promote the constitutional and international legal goal of gender equality. However, legal quotas for public elections affect the principle of democracy. The contributions in this book shed light on the relationship between the principle of democracy and gender equality, and present different approaches for a more thorough understanding of democratic representation and legitimacy. With contributions by Sigrid Boysen, Brun-Otto Bryde, Pascale Cancik, Silke R. Laskowski, Ulrike Lembke, Anna Katharina Mangold, Hans-Jürgen Papier, Stephan Rixen, Gary S. Schaal, Astrid Wallrabenstein, Joachim Wieland

scholarly journals PUBLIC SPACES AND GENDER: TESTING THE RELATIONSHIP OF SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF STREET NETWORKS

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Shakila Khalid ◽  
Raja Norashekin Raja Othman ◽  
Marlyana Azzyati Marzukhi
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Street Networks ◽  
Spatial Design ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to examine the spatial dominance in public spaces from a gendered and women perspectives and to analyse the relationship with the spatial configuration of street networks. In analysing the street networks in Space Syntax, the question arises; to what extent the movement and activity may explain street integration among gender-based pedestrians. The result found that there is a correlation between spatial configurative analyses and women present in the streets. In essence, the less integrated streets attract more women pedestrians and improve better quality of space. The research is relevant to spatial design interventions and policymaking to enhance gender equal access to public space.

Romantic Securityscapes of Mixed Couples: Resisting Moral Panic, Surviving in the Present and Imagining the Future

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-178
Author(s):  
Asel Myrzabekova
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Moral Panic ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Running Away ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter combines the two themes of security against ethnic and gender-based violence, which have been at the center in the previous chapters. Frequently, violence against women becomes intertwined with ethnic identity politics in Kyrgyzstan. A particularly controversial topic here is ethnically 'mixed' relationships. If a Kyrgyz female decides to become involved with a non-Kyrgyz partner, she can often expect to be ostracized by her family, in some cases even beaten and threatened with death. The chapter looks at various cases and shows the different ways in which couples deal with this situation. The choice usually boils down to either keeping the relationship secret or to running away with one's partner and trying to make a new life for oneself in another place.

Masculinity Threat, “Incel” Traits, and Violent Fantasies Among Heterosexual Men in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-298
Author(s):  
Maria N. Scaptura ◽  
Kaitlin M. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Masculinity Threat ◽  
Social Liberalism ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Shed Light

The current study aims to shed light on how masculinity threat and challenges from women translate into fantasies of mass and gender-based violence. These attitudes are evident among some self-proclaimed “incels,” who blame social liberalism, feminism, and sexually active men for their rejection from women. We developed a measure of “incel” traits, which was administered in an online self-report survey of 18- to 30-year-old heterosexual men in the United States. As hypothesized, stress in one’s inability to live up to norms of masculinity and endorsement of “incel” traits are associated with violent fantasies about rape and using powerful weapons against enemies.

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