Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 288-298
Author(s):  
Nathan Spannaus
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
The Russian Empire

The significant differences between the premises and goals of Jadidism and Qursawi’s reformism call into question the movement’s connection with him. This chapter explores the points of divergence between the two and, addressing the historiography that presents him as a Jadidist pioneer, shows that Qursawi has no place within the genealogy of Jadidism, and also that Shihab al-Din Marjani cannot serve as the necessary link between them. Instead, Qursawi’s thought must be understood within the contexts of postclassical Islamic thought and the religious environment in the Russian Empire in the early 19th century, separate from posthumous developments transforming that environment and leading to Jadidism as a distinct movement.

scholarly journals Swedish baron G.M. Sprengtporten in Russian service, 1786-1809

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-492
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Shaidurov ◽  
Valentina A. Veremenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Short Time ◽  
First Time ◽  
Swedish Citizen

General of the Infantry Count G.M. Sprengtporten (1740-1819) is one of the less known historical figures of the last quarter of the 18th and of the early 19th century. As a Swedish citizen, he hatched plans to turn Finland into an independent state. In the mid-1780s he saw in Catherine II a potential ally who could implement his ideas. After accepting the invitation to enter Russian service, Sprengtporten did not blend either in the Highest Court or in the Russian army. Not having shown any significant military feats during the wars of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, he distinguished himself in the diplomatic and lawmaking field. An important event was his mission to Europe (1800-1801), which resulted in the return of more than six thousand Russian prisoners to Russia. The draft Regulations on the Establishment of the Main Administration in New Finland, developed by Sprengtporten with some changes made by Emperor Aleksander I, became the cornerstone of Finnish autonomy within the Russian Empire over the next century. Occupying for a short time the post of Governor General, he became a link between Finland and Russia. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the comprehensive presentation of the Russian service of G.M. Sprengtporten. The article is written on the basis of published sources and unpublished documents from some central archives, which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

Saving Lost Souls or Doing Good Business? Interactions at the Russian-Kazakh Frontier and Strategies for Freeing Russian Slaves in Central Asia in the Early 19th Century

DIYÂR ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-57
Author(s):  
Elena Smolarz
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Regular Component ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Christian Brothers ◽  
Common Practices ◽  
The Russian Empire

By examining patterns of ransoming strategies, this paper generates insights about the interactions between state, economic and social actors across the Russian-Kazakh frontier in the early 19th century. Generally, first encounters across borders and boundaries include violence and invasion. Accordingly, the enslavement and subsequent ransoming of captured people represent common practices in frontier regions. Analyses of these processes illuminate the nature of interactions between different actors along the border. Securing release of slaves through ransom was a regular component of Russian foreign policy from the 16th century onwards. Imperial institutions were established for ransoming Russian Christian brothers-in-the-faith and, later, for other subjects of the Russian Empire who had been enslaved by the Ottoman Empire and Central Asian Khanates. With imperial financing, the Orenburg Border Commission (1799-1859) co-ordinated the ransoming process and developed networks for achieving the release of Russian subjects held in the Kazakh Steppe, in Khiva and Bukhara. Actors involved in these networks were of heterogeneous descent, including Russian imperial officials, Bukharian and Khivan merchants, Kazakh officials, as well as Russian agents. Drawing on archival research, this article explores ransoming networks and strategies along the Russian-Kazakh frontier and probes the motives of the actors involved.

scholarly journals Russian-Kokand relations in the early 19th century (By the example of Philip Nazarov Embassy period)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Yakobjanov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article focuses on the Kokand khanate and the political and diplomatic relations of the Russian Empire in the early 19th century. In the course of these diplomatic relations, several embassies were established between the two countries. One of these is Philip Nazarov. This article will tell you about its embassy, its purpose and its consequences.

Russian Empire in the System of Global Trade in Medicinal Herbs in the Late 18th – Early 19th Century and the Problem of Proportion Between “Scientific” and “Traditional” Pharmaceutics

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 698
Author(s):  
Marina Loskutova
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Indigenous Plants ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Binary Model ◽  
Russian State ◽  
European Trade ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article examines Russian imports of medicinal plants in the late 18th – early 19th centuries and the attempts to reduce these procurements by using home-grown plants instead in the context of a general crisis in European trade during the Napoleonic wars. It attempts to estimate the volumes of imported medicinal materials, analyzes the range of medicinal plants, and compares the trades in exotic medicinal plants in Russia with the known data about their circulation in various European countries. The article demonstrates the dependency of Russian state-run apothecaries and hospitals on both the imported exotic plants and species native to the Russian Empire in the late 18th – early 19th centuries, and examines the available data concerning the apothecary gardens and wild medicinal plants harvesting for state-run apothecaries in Russia. It highlights the lack of infrastructure for a steady supply of native plants to state-run apothecaries and hospitals, the factor that accounted for the futility of attempts to reduce the dependency on imported medicaments in the early 19th century. At the same time, the paper emphasizes the continuing presence of local potion and herb shops trading in medicinal plants long before the transfer of European pharmaceutical institutions and practices to the Russian empire. These shops were not restricted to trading in indigenous plants only but could also sell the exotic ones. This fact undermines the simple binary model of European and “indigenous” or “folk” pharmaceutical traditions co-existing in Russia in the late 18th – early 19th centuries, arguing instead for their entangled histories.

scholarly journals ATTACKS OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN NOMADS ON RUSSIAN TRADING CARAVANS IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-153
Author(s):  
Konstantin A. Abdrakhmanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

Based on archival materials (reports of the Orenburg border and customs departments, orders of the military governors of the Orenburg region, letters from the injured merchants, etc.), the article considers cases of attacks of the Central Asian nomads on the merchant caravans in the early 19th century. The main means of trade and transport communication between the Russian Empire, Bukhara, Khiva and Kokand were caravans, their size sometimes reached several thousand loaded camels. At that time, the steppes that separated the Russian border from the main trading cities of Central Asia were insufficiently explored, difficult to traverse, and very unsafe. Armed nomadic groups moving along the imperial border and deep in the Kazakh steppe were a direct threat to slow-moving and poorly guarded caravans. Steppe raiders were attracted by a diverse range of valuable goods and a large number of working animals, so valued by nomadic cultures. Merchants, their clerks, and hired workers were often killed in clashes with raiders. Those Russian merchants who were robbed of their money and property sought support from the leadership of the Orenburg province and even sent messages to the central Russian government.

scholarly journals The Development of the Norms and Institutions of Criminal Law in the Transcaucasia Region at the Beginning of the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 766-774
Author(s):  
Irina Minnikes ◽  
Natiq Salamov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The authors study the development of criminal law in the Transcaucasia region of the Russian Empire in the early 19th century, and discuss the political and legal significance of the accession of Transcaucasia to the Russian Empire. The normative basis of the research is various agreements of the Russian Empire, including agreements with the Khanates of Northern Azerbaijan, the acts of the supreme power —decrees, manifests and instructions, as well as the corresponding narrative materials. The methodological basis of this research is the general dialectic method of scientific cognition, the methods of empirical and theoretical character: description, formalization, comparison, analysis, generalization, deduction and induction, hypothesis, as well as the special legal methods: formal legal, comparative legal. Research results made it possible to prove that, before Transcaucasia joined the Russian Empire, social relationships in the region, including criminal law ones, were regulated by both written and common law, and that state and political changes lead to changes in criminal legislation throughout the whole history. When Transcaucasia, which has a multi-national and multi-confessional population, joined the Russian Empire, the central government faced the task of working out a special criminal law policy of protecting the society from criminal infringements, as well as some other goals and tasks in this area. The authors determine the degree to which the borderland policy of the state influenced the development of the borderland criminal policy, describe legal acts that enacted changes in the criminal legislation. Special attention is paid to describing the institutions of criminal law that underwent changes though the participation of the state in this process; specifics of the goals and tasks of government coercion, as well as the general basics of sentencing are evaluated. The conducted analysis of the contents of historical legal acts allowed the authors to conclude that, after joining the Russian Empire, the essential tasks of the criminal law of Transcaucasia were, for the first time, formulated at the normative level, including such tasks as crime prevention and the protection of individuals and public safety from criminal infringements. The fundamental principles of humanism and justice, different from the previously dominant ones, were established in the criminal law.

scholarly journals The Role of Urban Settlements in the Development of Russian-Mongol Cross-Border Trade in the Last Quarter of the 19th — Early 20th Centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
А. Мунхтуул
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Far East ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Export Policy ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
The Russian Empire

В статье раскрывается специфика становления торгово-экономических отношений Российской империи с Монголией в период активизации русской политики на Дальнем Востоке. Актуальность данного исследования обусловлена недостаточной изученностью русско-монгольских отношений последней четверти XIX — начала XX века и отсутствием в отечественной науке необходимого опыта для объективной оценки характера двусторонних русско-монгольских торговых связей. На основе комплекса архивных, справочных и мемуарных источников автор выделяет основные приоритеты деловых контактов между западно-сибирскими городами Российской империи и административными центрами Монголии. Усиление общей деловой активности Российской империи в регионе, особенно после массового переселения сюда значительных трудовых резервов в начале XIX века, позволило существенно нарастить производственные мощности для экспорта в Монголию товаров широкого потребления. Рост городов, в свою очередь, сделал русский рынок привлекательным для сбыта основных товаров монгольского животноводства. Автор приходит к выводу, что именно это обстоятельство привело к формированию нового вектора монгольского экспорта: Россия, а не Китай становится главным потребителем мяса, шерсти, кож, мехов и пр. Укрепление связей способствовало превращению Бийска, Ирбита, Минусинска, Томска на территории России, а также Ховда на сопредельной территории в крупные торговые города, специализирующиеся именно на коммерческих операциях с Монголией. Появление в Улястае, и особенно в Ховде, крупных купеческих фирм из Бийска не только увеличило объемы и ассортимент экспортной продукции, но и привнесло в традиционный быт туземного населения элементы европейских общественных и трудовых отношений. The article treats the development of trade and economic relations between the Russian Empire and Mongolia during the period of the pervasion of the Russian political influence in the Far East. The relevance of the research is accounted for by the fact that Russo-Mongol relationships in the last quarter of the 19th century and the early 20thcentury are underinvestigated and the bilateral Russo-Mongol trade relations cannot be properly assessed. The author analyzes archival materials, reference sources and memoirs to investigate major practices of business cooperation between west-Siberian urban settlements of the Russian Empire and administrative centers of Mongolia. The increase of Russian economic influence in the region, mainly associated with substantial labor migration in the early 19th century, enabled the Russian Empire to enhance production capacity and ensure the expansion of commodity export to Mongolia. Due to the increasing number of Russian urban settlements, more and more Mongol livestock breeders were interested in getting into the Russian market. The author of the article maintains that the above-mentioned circumstance promoted a novel aspect of the Mongol export policy development: from then on Russia and not China was Mongolia’s greatest consumer of meat, wool, leather, fur, etc. The enhancement of Russo-Mongol trade cooperation fostered the transformation of such urban settlements as Biysk, Irbit, Minusinsk, and Tomsk in Russia and Khovd in Mongolia into cities. The establishment of Biysk trading affiliates in Ulyastay and Khovd facilitated trade cooperation and introduced European social and commercial benefits into Mongolian life.

The Kazakh Khanate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joo-Yup Lee
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Mongol Empire

The Kazakh Khanate was a Chinggisid nomadic state that ruled the eastern Qipchaq Steppe (Dasht-i Qipchāq), a steppe zone that roughly corresponds to modern-day Kazakhstan, during the post-Mongol period as one of the most important successor states of the Mongol Empire and the last reigning dynasty of the Chinggisids. The Kazakh Khanate branched off from the Ulus of Jochi, whose people (ulus) were called Uzbeks in 15th-century Central Asia. The Kazakh Khanate was founded by the Uzbeks led by Jānībeg Khan and Girāy Khan, two Jochid princes who sometime in the 1450s had broken away from Abū al-Khair Khan, the Jochid ruler of the eastern Qipchaq Steppe. In the 16th century, like other Chinggisid states such as the Crimean Khanate, the Northern Yuan, and the Shibanid Uzbek Khanate that emerged as regional empires in the territories of the former Mongol Empire, the Kazakh Khanate was transformed into a nomadic empire. During the reigns of Qāsim Khan (r. c. 1512–1521) and his successors Ḥaqq Naẓar Khan (r. c. 1538–1581) and Tawakkul Khan (r. c. 1582–1598), the Kazakh Khanate expanded westward to reach the Yayïq (Ural) River and eastward the Tienshan Mountains. The Kazakh Khanate entered a period of sharp decline at the turn of the 18th century due to the Zunghar Oirat onslaught. As a result, the Kazakh khans and sultans became nominal vassals of the Russian Empire and the Manchu Qing Dynasty. The Kazakh Khanate was annexed by the Russian Empire in the early 19th century, which brought to an end the six-centuries-long reign of the Chinggisids.

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