Parsimony and the Sentencing of Multiple Offenders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Lippke
Keyword(s):  
Crime Reduction ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Mixed Theory ◽  
Principle Of Parsimony ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
Multiple Offenders

This chapter examines the principle of parsimony (PP) as it applies to the sentencing of multiple offenders. It first explains what the PP means and challenges its basic assumptions as an independent, substantive sentencing principle. It then recasts the PP as a second-order principle, that is, as a principle designed to help us better ensure that the traditional aims of sentencing are more fully realized. It also distinguishes crime reduction and retributivism versions of the PP as a second-order principle and considers how they might be integrated into a mixed theory of sentencing. Finally, it explores whether and to what extent the PP as a second-order principle is useful in thinking about multiple-offense sentencing. It argues that the PP might play a role in determining sentence ranges for crime types, as well as in formulating broader penal and social policies.

scholarly journals Increasing Inequality in Experience of Victimization During the Crime Drop: Analysing Patterns of Victimization in Scotland from 1993 to 2014–15

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 782-802
Author(s):  
Susan McVie ◽  
Paul Norris ◽  
Rebecca Pillinger
Keyword(s):  
Distributive Justice ◽  
International Crime ◽  
Crime Reduction ◽  
Repeat Victimization ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Crime Drop ◽  
Longitudinal Approach ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Crime Types

Abstract Research on the international crime drop has predominantly focused on the nature and extent of overall crime or changes in specific crime types, but less attention has been paid to how equally the crime drop has been distributed across society. Applying a novel quasi-longitudinal approach to Scottish victimization data, this article examines changes in the prevalence, frequency and type of victimization experienced. We argue that the crime drop has resulted in an increase in inequality between those at most and least risk of being a victim of crime, especially violence. The article contributes to theoretical debates on the crime drop, crime inequality and distributive justice, and provides policy recommendations on the importance of crime reduction strategies that target repeat victimization.

scholarly journals Modelling the reciprocal dynamics of dialogical communication: On the communication-philosophical undercurrent of radical constructivism and second-order cybernetics

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-55
Author(s):  
Peter Kastberg
Keyword(s):  
William James ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Radical Constructivism ◽  
Founding Father ◽  
Free Communication ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Alter Ego

Even though both Ernst von Glasersfeld, the founding father of radical constructivism, and his epistemological alter ego, Heinz von Foerster, one of the principal architects of second-order cybernetics, would both repeatedly stress the formative importance of communication, neither would ever model communication as a phenomenon per se. I will propose a first modelling of communication as seen through the stereoscopic lens of these two schools of thought. I will first present, discuss and evaluate how communication is traditionally modelled. This will serve as an informed backdrop when I proceed to integrate the common denominators pertaining to communication from relevant works of both scholars. In addition to the fact that both would willingly profess to the ‘Linguolaxis’ of Maturana and Varela, i.e., that humans exist suspended in communication, two basic assumptions have proven formative. Firstly, that communication is perceived as a flux, as an almost William-James-like ‘stream of communication’. Secondly, and this is more in the vein of Heraclitus, that both communicators and communication alike undergo transformations in the process of immersion. This implies favouring a view of communication in which communication is a perpetual oscillation between ongoing reciprocal perturbations (Glasersfeld), that occur over time, and the endeavours to re-establish (cognitive) homeostasis (Foerster). The latter must not be reduced to either mere compliance, as it were, i.e., that the ‘other’ does as s/he is told, or to the mutual understanding of a dominance-free communication of a Habermasian persuasion, but rather in the pragmatic notion of ‘compatibility’ (Glasersfeld). For illustrative purposes I will end this paper by translating these notions into a model depicting what I have labelled co-actional communication, in effect forging an exemplar.

The Theory and Research Behind Neighborhood Watch: Is it a Sound Fear and Crime Reduction Strategy?

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
DENNIS P. ROSENBAUM
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Crime Reduction ◽  
Neighborhood Watch ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Community Crime Prevention

This article takes a critical look at the theory and research behind the highly touted community crime prevention strategy known as Neighborhood Watch. While correlational studies of neighborhoods and citizen participation are numerous, there is a paucity of rigorous experimental evaluations that test the proposed “Implant Hypothesis,” that is, that collective citizen participation (and the social processes it allegedly activates) can be implanted in neighborhoods where it does not currently exist. However, there are both theoretical and empirical reasons to challenge some of the basic assumptions underlying the Neighborhood Watch approach to reducing crime, reducing fear of crime, and restoring a sense of community. The hypothesis that Watch programs increase fear of crime and may have other effects is examined. The implications of this assessment for theory development and public policy are explored.

scholarly journals Disentangling community-level changes in crime trends during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chicago

Crime Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Maria Campedelli ◽  
Serena Favarin ◽  
Alberto Aziani ◽  
Alex R. Piquero
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Crime Reduction ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Crime Trends ◽  
Communities And Crime ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Bayesian Time Series

Abstract Recent studies exploiting city-level time series have shown that, around the world, several crimes declined after COVID-19 containment policies have been put in place. Using data at the community-level in Chicago, this work aims to advance our understanding on how public interventions affected criminal activities at a finer spatial scale. The analysis relies on a two-step methodology. First, it estimates the community-wise causal impact of social distancing and shelter-in-place policies adopted in Chicago via Structural Bayesian Time-Series across four crime categories (i.e., burglary, assault, narcotics-related offenses, and robbery). Once the models detected the direction, magnitude and significance of the trend changes, Firth’s Logistic Regression is used to investigate the factors associated to the statistically significant crime reduction found in the first step of the analyses. Statistical results first show that changes in crime trends differ across communities and crime types. This suggests that beyond the results of aggregate models lies a complex picture characterized by diverging patterns. Second, regression models provide mixed findings regarding the correlates associated with significant crime reduction: several relations have opposite directions across crimes with population being the only factor that is stably and positively associated with significant crime reduction.

scholarly journals FINDING LOCAL SOLUTIONS: Crime prevention in the Nelson Mandela Metro

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibusiso Masuku
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Crime Reduction ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Crime Statistics ◽  
Nelson Mandela ◽  
Local Solutions ◽  
Crime Types

Just like most cities in South Africa, the Nelson Mandela Metro, which comprises the former Port Elizabeth, Despatch and Uitenhage municipalities, faces serious challenges in its efforts to address crime. A victim survey and analysis of police crime statistics conducted by the ISS indicate that there are high rates of property crime, violent crime and robbery in the metro. Although these are spread out, some communities are more affected by certain crime types than others. It is imperative that the municipality makes a strategic decision about areas of focus, which crime types to deal with first, and about appropriate and effective crime reduction interventions linked to service delivery.

Disappearance Voltage Determinations Using a Convergent Beam

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 184-185
Author(s):  
W. L. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Objective Method ◽  
Uniform Thickness ◽  
Rocking Curve ◽  
Crystal Perfection ◽  
Kikuchi Line ◽  
Central Maximum ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Beam Technique

Disappearance voltages for second order reflections can be determined experimentally in a variety of ways. The more subjective methods, such as Kikuchi line disappearance and bend contour imaging, involve comparing a series of diffraction patterns or micrographs taken at intervals throughout the disappearance range and selecting that voltage which gives the strongest disappearance effect. The estimated accuracies of these methods are both to within 10 kV, or about 2-4%, of the true disappearance voltage, which is quite sufficient for using these voltages in further calculations. However, it is the necessity of determining this information by comparisons of exposed plates rather than while operating the microscope that detracts from the immediate usefulness of these methods if there is reason to perform experiments at an unknown disappearance voltage.The convergent beam technique for determining the disappearance voltage has been found to be a highly objective method when it is applicable, i.e. when reasonable crystal perfection exists and an area of uniform thickness can be found. The criterion for determining this voltage is that the central maximum disappear from the rocking curve for the second order spot.

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