Sati

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brick
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Fourth Century Bce ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Self Immolation ◽  
Colonial Government

This chapter examines the history of the traditional Hindu practice of widow self-immolation, commonly known as sati, which is one of the mostly widely known and discussed forms of ritual suicide in world religions. The chapter begins by briefly placing sati within the context of other historically practiced forms of “following into death” (in German, Totenfolge), and discussing those features of sati that make it unique among these practices. Then, in three separate sections, it provides an account of the earliest surviving sources on sati, which likely date as far back as the fourth century BCE; outlines an important medieval debate on the validity of the practice that took place within the orthodox Hindu legal tradition known as Dharmaśāstra; and, lastly, notes some major later developments regarding sati, including especially its legal prohibition by the British colonial government in India in 1829.

‘Natural Justice, Equity and Good Conscience’: History, Politics and Law in Nigeria, 1900–1966

2019 ◽  
pp. 12-25
Author(s):  
Katherine Isobel Baxter
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Natural Justice ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Good Conscience ◽  
Politics And Law ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Indirect Rule

Chapter One provides an account of the history of colonial and postcolonial Nigeria, focusing particularly on politics and law. The chapter recounts the long history of British colonial presence in West Africa and explains the introduction of indirect rule as a system of colonial government from the turn of the century. Some of the impacts of indirect rule are considered through reference to Obafemi Awolowo’s memoir, Awo, and Chinua Achebe’s novel, Arrow of God. The chapter also sketches out the divisions that indirect rule fomented and the resistance to which it gave rise. Finally, the chapter explains the implications of indirect rule for the implementation of law in Nigeria both during colonial rule and following independence.

‘All the World’s a Stage-Painting’: Scenery, Optics, and Greek Epistemology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Burnyeat
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Sense Perception ◽  
Phenomenal Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
Fourth Century Bce ◽  
History Of ◽  
Epistemological Debate ◽  
Underlying Reality

In the fourth century BCE, Anaxarchus and Monimus compared the world to stage-painting, to express scepticism about sense-perception and the worthlessness of human affairs, respectively. But the comparison traces back to Democritus’ discussion of Anaxagoras’ famous claim, a century earlier, that ‘appearances are a sight of things unseen’. According to Vitruvius, they were influenced by what Agatharchus had written about stage-painting, something that can be assessed properly only by considering the genre of technical treatises and the claims of those who were first to write on a subject. The comparison with phenomenal experience should ultimately be credited to Anaxagoras, though the points that he and Democritus make differ, owing to their different views of how the macroscopic world is related to underlying reality. These texts are thus not about the early history of perspectival painting, but stem from a fifth-century epistemological debate about what, if anything, sense-perception reveals about reality.

Zhou History and Historiography: Introducing the Bamboo manuscript Xinian

T oung Pao ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 100 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 287-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Pines
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Tsinghua University ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
Historical Text ◽  
Fourth Century Bce ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western Zhou ◽  
Zuo Zhuan

Xinian is a recently published bamboo manuscript from the collection of Qinghua (Tsinghua) University. It is the lengthiest, most detailed historical text unearthed in recent decades. The text narrates major events from the history of the state of Chu, its rivals, and its allies from the beginning of the Western Zhou period to the early fourth century bce. In this introductory article I argue the following: first, both the language and the content of Xinian indicate that this text was based on earlier historical sources from the states of Chu and Jin, in addition to sources from within the Zhou royal domain; second, the authors’ utilization of their primary sources differs markedly from those observable in Zuo zhuan (with which Xinian has many overlapping parts) and in later collections of anecdotes; and third, Xinian may represent a heretofore unknown genre of “informative history.” In addition, I explore the new perspectives that Xinian sheds on early Qin and Chu history.
Le Xinian est un manuscrit sur bambou récemment publié, appartenant à la collection de l’Université Qinghua (Tsinghua). Il s’agit du texte historique le plus long et le plus détaillé exhumé au cours des dernières décennies, relatant les événements importants de l’histoire de l’État de Chu, de ses rivaux et de ses alliés depuis le début des Zhou Occidentaux jusqu’au début du ive siècle avant notre ère. Cet article introductif propose les conclusions suivantes: d’abord, la langue comme le contenu du Xinian indiquent que le texte est basé sur des sources historiques plus anciennes provenant des États de Chu et de Jin, auxquelles s’ajoutent des sources du domaine royal des Zhou ; ensuite, l’usage que font ses auteurs de leurs sources diffère notablement de ce qui peut être observé dans le Zuo zhuan (avec lequel le Xinian se recoupe en de nombreux endroits) et dans les collections d’anecdotes postérieures ; enfin, le Xinian pourrait être représentatif d’un genre jusqu’ici inconnu d’“histoire informative”. L’article explore par ailleurs certaines perspectives nouvelles suggérées par le texte sur l’histoire du début du Qin et celle du Chu.


scholarly journals THE ENEMY WITHIN: LOYALISTS AND THE WAR AGAINST MAU MAU IN KENYA

2007 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL BRANCH
Keyword(s):  
Mau Mau ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Colonial Government

ABSTRACTBetween 1952 and 1960, the British colonial government of Kenya waged a violent counter-insurgency campaign against the Mau Mau rebels. In this effort the regime was assisted by collaborators, known as loyalists, drawn from the same communities as the insurgents. Based primarily on new archival sources, this article sets out the history of loyalism, stresses the ambiguity of allegiances during the conflict and argues that loyalism was a product of the same intellectual debates that had spawned the Mau Mau insurgency. The article concludes by stressing the significance for postcolonial Kenya of this history.

Naming the Tiger in the Early Modern World

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 977-1006
Author(s):  
David Thorley
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
English Word ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Conventional Meaning ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Fourth Century Bce ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use

AbstractThe English wordtigerhas an uncertain etymology and a curious history of use. Probably first seen in Europe in the fourth century BCE, the tiger, by the early modern age, had acquired a long history of folkloric associations. This article examines early modern uses of the wordtigerin the context of the period’s linguistic debates about natural and conventional meaning. It seeks to present a history in which the word, through use, develops closer (if not necessarily natural) associations with the qualities of its referent.

scholarly journals The Brunei Constitution of 1959

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-125
Author(s):  
Irene Langran
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
Power Base ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Provide Background Information

For many countries, the twentieth century was characterized by the shift from colonialism to independence. This struggle was contentious and often violent; the resulting governments frequently reflected the tensions between nationalist and colonial influences. In The Brunei Constitution of 1959: An Inside History, B. A. Hussainmiya examines the formation of the framework for the nonviolent and gradual movement toward independence through the negotiations surrounding the 1959 constitution.A historian, Hussainmiya's previous works include his 1995 publication, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Britain: The Making of Brunei Darussalam. The Brunei Constitution of 1959 began as a series of articles written for the Borneo Bul letin in 1999. This concise history of the 1959 Constitution is divided into eight chapters. The first two chapters provide background information, while chapters three to seven cover the negotiations between the British colonial government and Brunei's monarchy. In chapter eight, the book ends with the constitution's actual promulgation. Britain's relationship with Brunei began in 1847, when the two coun­tries signed a treaty of peace and friendship. In 1888 Britain established a protectorate over Brunei, which grew to residency rule by 1906. Although the establishment of residency rule in 1906 afforded the British vast and unspecified powers, a role for the Malay monarchy, through the sultan, was preserved and, in some respects, augmented. By designating, at least in the­ory, the sultan as the "absolute sovereign," the British hoped to maintain the perception that Brunei was not a colony. As Hussainmiya notes, the British also increased the sultan's power over local nobles in an effort to increase their own power base ...

Hellenism? An Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Chrubasik ◽  
Daniel King
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Fourth Century Bce ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
Political Time ◽  
The Individual

This chapter introduces the themes of the volume and the individual contributions. It argues that the cultural history of the Hellenistic East transcends the political time frame often associated with the period in Anglophone publications. Therefore, the framework of this study is extended to include the fourth century BCE as well as the first three centuries CE in order to closely investigate the processes of cultural interaction often associated with the term Hellenism. It offers examples of the presence of adapted Greek cultural and political elements in the communities of the Eastern Mediterranean, it raises the question of cross-cultural exchange and its impact on Greekness itself, and it opens the debate on whether terms such as Hellenism, Hellenistic, and Hellenization are still useful to describe the cultural processes in the period under investigation.

The ‘Cleveland Medea’ Calyx Crater and the Iconography of Ancient Greek Theatre

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN REVERMANN
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Greek Tragedy ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Fourth Century Bce ◽  
History Of

This article examines a spectacular example of Greek theatre-related vase iconography, the so-called ‘Cleveland Medea’, by studying the ways in which a painter appropriates iconography for his own narrative purposes. Of special interest are the interactions called for by the vessel from its prospective viewers in the symposium context. Throughout, the artefact is treated as an important document of the cultural history of Greek tragedy in the fourth century BCE.

Science Wars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Thomas Kuhn ◽  
Fourth Century Bce ◽  
Science Wars ◽  
History Of ◽  
Effective Science

What do scientists actually know and what do they know about? Answers to these questions are crucial not only for our understanding of the nature of scientific knowledge, but also for the formulation of effective science-based public policies, from global warming and energy to biotechnology and nanoscience. There is a lack of convincing answers to these questions because of an illogical conflation within modern science of epistemology and ontology, seeking to transcend experience and produce knowledge of reality using experience itself. Attempts at explaining the nature of scientific knowledge from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries reveal that scientific reasoning has selectively employed deduction and induction, rationalism and empiricism, the universal and the particular, and necessity and contingency as if these opposites were compatible. As Thomas Kuhn showed, the history of science belies the definitive truth of ontological claims deduced from theories and, as a corollary, the definitive truth of theories themselves. Science Wars reviews the competing conceptions of scientific knowledge from Plato and Aristotle in the fourth century BCE to the “science wars” of the 1990s and provides thought-provoking analyses for understanding scientific thought in the twenty-first century.

scholarly journals Creating the Ancient Rhetorical Tradition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Viidebaum
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Rhetorical Theory ◽  
First Century ◽  
Rhetorical Tradition ◽  
Pivotal Moments ◽  
Dionysius Of Halicarnassus ◽  
Fourth Century Bce ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Persuasive Speech

This book explores the history of rhetorical thought and examines the gradual association of different aspects of rhetorical theory with two outstanding fourth-century BCE writers: Lysias and Isocrates. It highlights the parallel development of the rhetorical tradition that became understood, on the one hand, as a domain of style and persuasive speech, associated with the figure of Lysias, and, on the other, as a kind of philosophical enterprise which makes significant demands on moral and political education in antiquity, epitomized in the work of Isocrates. There are two pivotal moments in which the two rhetoricians were pitted against each other as representatives of different modes of cultural discourse: Athens in the fourth century BCE, as memorably portrayed in Plato's Phaedrus, and Rome in the first century BCE when Dionysius of Halicarnassus proposes to create from the united Lysianic and Isocratean rhetoric the foundation for the ancient rhetorical tradition.

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