Producers, Trade Groups, and the Design of Global Environmental Regimes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Ovodenko
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
International Regimes ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
International Regime ◽  
Member States ◽  
Environmental Regimes ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Environmental Treaty ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Over Time

The chapter provides a macro-level analysis of the legalization, standardization, and integration of global environmental rules. The statistical tests rely on two new datasets on global treaty regimes and business stakeholders in those regimes. The results demonstrate that treaty regimes that regulate oligopolistic industries tend to become integrated over time with protocols, amendments, and similar agreements that add new rules or institutions to the international regime. They also consist of legally binding agreements, not soft law commitments by parties, and standardized rules applicable to all member states or categories of member states. By contrast, treaty regimes that regulate competitive markets tend to become more disintegrated (or unintegrated) over time. These international regimes are also legal hybrids because they consist of hard and soft law, and often give countries the responsibility to make nationally specific commitments. Producer-level concentrations significantly constrain the design of global environmental treaty regimes.

Belief Movement, Uncertainty Reduction, and Rational Updating*

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned Augenblick ◽  
Matthew Rabin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Uncertainty Reduction ◽  
The State ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
New Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Market Beliefs ◽  
Over Time

Abstract When a Bayesian learns new information and changes her beliefs, she must on average become concomitantly more certain about the state of the world. Consequently, it is rare for a Bayesian to frequently shift beliefs substantially while remaining relatively uncertain, or, conversely, become very confident with relatively little belief movement. We formalize this intuition by developing specific measures of movement and uncertainty reduction given a Bayesian’s changing beliefs over time, showing that these measures are equal in expectation and creating consequent statistical tests for Bayesianess. We then show connections between these two core concepts and four common psychological biases, suggesting that the test might be particularly good at detecting these biases. We provide support for this conclusion by simulating the performance of our test and other martingale tests. Finally, we apply our test to data sets of individual, algorithmic, and market beliefs.

The Politics of International Regime Complexity

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen J. Alter ◽  
Sophie Meunier
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
International Regimes ◽  
International Regime ◽  
Introductory Essay ◽  
Election Monitoring ◽  
International Obligations

The increasing density of international regimes has contributed to the proliferation of overlap across agreements, conflicts among international obligations, and confusion regarding what international and bilateral obligations cover an issue. This symposium examines the consequences of this “international regime complexity” for subsequent politics. What analytical insights can be gained by thinking about any single agreement as being embedded in a larger web of international rules and regimes? Karen Alter and Sophie Meunier's introductory essay defines international regime complexity and identifies the mechanisms through which it may influence the politics of international cooperation. Short contributions analyze how international regime complexity affects politics in specific issue areas: trade (Christina Davis), linkages between human rights and trade (Emilie Hafner-Burton), intellectual property (Laurence Helfer), security politics (Stephanie Hofmann), refugee politics (Alexander Betts), and election monitoring (Judith Kelley). Daniel Drezner concludes by arguing that international regime complexity may well benefit the powerful more than others.

EU Soft Law in Domestic Legal Systems: Flexibility and Diversity Guaranteed?

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Korkea-Aho
Keyword(s):  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Member States ◽  
Regulatory Instruments ◽  
Modes Of Governance ◽  
Judicial Recognition ◽  
The Eu ◽  
New Modes Of Governance

New modes of governance are proliferating at all levels, most prominently in the EU. One main characteristic of new governance is adjustability and revisability in the form of soft law. The non-binding nature of soft law is said to contribute to flexibility and diversity in Member States and to secure national autonomy. However, this article argues that while soft law may not be legally binding, it nevertheless has legal effects that throw flexibility and diversity of national action into doubt. Beginning by demonstrating that soft law may have discernible effects on practices in Member States, at the same time restricting Member State choices, the article goes on to develop a categorisation of those effects and to document them in detail. These are: judicial recognition by the European courts, explicit terms of soft law instruments, which demand special types of national implementing measures, the role played by non-state actors, and hybrid forms of regulatory instruments comprising soft and hard law provisions. The analysis shows a need to add variety to existing research on EU soft law, which has traditionally focused on the role of the judiciary in giving legal effects to soft law. Instead, we should be more attentive to the other three factors when discussing soft law. Besides the more holistic approach, research should also analyse soft law in a more case-specific manner in order to fully grasp the implications of choice of soft law in a domestic legal system.

Japan and the Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Reimann
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Environmental Politics ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
International Status ◽  
Global Environmental Issues ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines the evolution of environmental politics in Japan over the postwar period and identifies the main factors and actors shaping environmental policy. The literature on Japanese environmental politics has shifted its focus over time from domestic to global environmental issues, mirroring transformations in Japan’s political economy and international status. After successfully confronting the domestic problem of severe pollution in the 1970s and early 1980s, Japan became one of the world’s largest donors of environmental foreign aid, starting in the early 1990s and continuing today. Throughout all periods, there have been continuities as well as changes. In terms of representation and democracy, the Japanese state has consistently prioritized concerns of business and local governments in the policymaking process. In addition to having greater voice, these constituencies have also benefited materially from policies through their access to various green funds. In contrast, NGOs and citizens have tended to be left out of policy discussions and have exercised voice largely through protest and critiques of government policies. The chapter ends by examining the case of climate change to explore these patterns in more recent years.

Accessibility in Everyday Planning

2019 ◽  
pp. 47-70
Author(s):  
Jonathan Levine ◽  
Joe Grengs ◽  
Louis A. Merlin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Empirical Application ◽  
Transportation Projects ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
Measurement Approach ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Project Level

This chapter examines different methods to support accessibility-based analysis for both land-development and transportation projects to help forge a closer link between accessibility analysis and applied decision making in planning. Accessibility metrics vary in their measurement approach, purposes, and levels of complexity. Accessibility is normally reported in the form of a score or index to describe the ease of reaching destinations from a place, which allows analysts to compare accessibility from one place to another, or track changes in accessibility over time. The chapter then considers the foundational concepts of accessibility measurement and representation. It also demonstrates empirical application at the project level. Moving accessibility-based evaluation from the regional scenario to the project level involves more than applying regional tools to individual decisions, because project-level analysis is inherently different from a regional analysis.

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