Kant’s Two-Stage Model of Moral Reform

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Papish
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Moral Progress ◽  
Moral Reform ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Metaphysics Of Morals ◽  
Moral Conversion ◽  
Two Stages

This chapter offers an interpretive proposal for Kant’s two-stage model of moral reform in the Religion. Kant explicitly argues that an initial stage of moral conversion must be followed by continual moral progress in the empirical realm, but it is unclear why two stages are needed or how, exactly, they differ from one another. In this chapter, it is argued that one can best understand the first stage if conversion is framed as a kind of commitment, and that one can best understand the second stage if moral progress is conceived more as a cognitive, as opposed to volitional, type of effort. In the final section of this chapter, it is determined that the Metaphysics of Morals presents a compatible account of moral reform. Novel accounts of how to conceptualize moral strength and weakness, and Kant’s emphasis on the importance of empirical conduct, are also offered.

scholarly journals Evidence for a two-stage model of microbial infection

1968 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Meynell ◽  
Joan Maw
Keyword(s):  
Standard Error ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pass Through

SUMMARYColony counts on mice given the same number ofSalmonellaalways differ considerably. However, the standard error of the mean log count does not increase after the first 1·5 hr. of infection until the 8th or 10th day. These infections therefore appear to pass through an initial stage lasting a few hours, in which a varying proportion of the inoculum is killed, followed by a prolonged second stage in which the scatter in individual colony counts remains constant.

The spread of farming in the Eastern Adriatic

Antiquity ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (305) ◽  
pp. 514-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stašo Forenbaher ◽  
Preston T. Miracle
Keyword(s):  
Northern Coast ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Agricultural Frontier ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Adriatic Coast ◽  
Frontier Zone

The authors present a new, two-stage model of the spread of farming along the eastern Adriatic coast based on the first appearance of pottery. The initial stage was a very rapid dispersal, perhaps by ‘leapfrog colonisation’, associated with cave sites in southern Dalmatia. The second stage was a slower agropastoral expansion associated with cave and open-air sites along the northern coast. Migration was a significant factor in the process. The mountainous hinterland formed an agricultural frontier zone, where farming was adopted piecemeal by indigenous groups.

A novel two-stage method of plant seedlings classification based on deep learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Tianhong Dai ◽  
Shijie Cong ◽  
Jianping Huang ◽  
Yanwen Zhang ◽  
Xinwang Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Learning Technology ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Classification ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Plant Seedlings

In agricultural production, weed removal is an important part of crop cultivation, but inevitably, other plants compete with crops for nutrients. Only by identifying and removing weeds can the quality of the harvest be guaranteed. Therefore, the distinction between weeds and crops is particularly important. Recently, deep learning technology has also been applied to the field of botany, and achieved good results. Convolutional neural networks are widely used in deep learning because of their excellent classification effects. The purpose of this article is to find a new method of plant seedling classification. This method includes two stages: image segmentation and image classification. The first stage is to use the improved U-Net to segment the dataset, and the second stage is to use six classification networks to classify the seedlings of the segmented dataset. The dataset used for the experiment contained 12 different types of plants, namely, 3 crops and 9 weeds. The model was evaluated by the multi-class statistical analysis of accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-score. The results show that the two-stage classification method combining the improved U-Net segmentation network and the classification network was more conducive to the classification of plant seedlings, and the classification accuracy reaches 97.7%.

scholarly journals A Fast Learning Method for Accurate and Robust Lane Detection Using Two-Stage Feature Extraction with YOLO v3

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 4308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Zhang ◽  
Wei Yang ◽  
Xiaolin Tang ◽  
Jie Liu
Keyword(s):  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Feature Learning ◽  
Automatic Generation ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Lane Detection ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Label Data ◽  
Second Stage

To improve the accuracy of lane detection in complex scenarios, an adaptive lane feature learning algorithm which can automatically learn the features of a lane in various scenarios is proposed. First, a two-stage learning network based on the YOLO v3 (You Only Look Once, v3) is constructed. The structural parameters of the YOLO v3 algorithm are modified to make it more suitable for lane detection. To improve the training efficiency, a method for automatic generation of the lane label images in a simple scenario, which provides label data for the training of the first-stage network, is proposed. Then, an adaptive edge detection algorithm based on the Canny operator is used to relocate the lane detected by the first-stage model. Furthermore, the unrecognized lanes are shielded to avoid interference in subsequent model training. Then, the images processed by the above method are used as label data for the training of the second-stage model. The experiment was carried out on the KITTI and Caltech datasets, and the results showed that the accuracy and speed of the second-stage model reached a high level.

HAEMODYNAMIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF PREECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
IRA M BERNSTEIN ◽  
MARILYN J CIPOLLA
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Injury ◽  
Trophoblast Invasion ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Abnormal Placentation ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage

Current hypotheses regarding the origins of preeclampsia have focused on the “Two stage model”. This model suggests that the primary steps in the pathophysiologic sequence of preeclampsia are initiated by abnormal placentation including the classic finding of abnormal trophoblast invasion of maternal decidual spiral arteries. The second stage of the sequence includes the elaboration of a single or multiple substances from these disordered placentas which contribute to the generalized maternal systemic illness, eventually manifesting as endothelial injury, hypertension and proteinuria. Recent studies have focused on the role of pro and anti-angiogenic peptides as potential placentally derived aetiologic agents in this pathophysiologic sequence, although other placental products have been highlighted in recent research. Despite the fact that this modeling of preeclampsia has widespread support significant limitations to this hypothesis can be identified.

A Two-Stage Model of Tenure Mobility

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Jones ◽  
S Gudjonsson ◽  
J Parry Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Residential Mobility ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Multiple Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Decisionmaking Process ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Sequential Nature

This paper examines the sequential nature of the residential-mobility decisionmaking process. Initially a model of household tenure mobility is considered, consisting of two stages, the decision to move and the choice of tenure; ultimately this assumption is relaxed. Multiple discriminant analysis is used to distinguish between the different groups of households, between movers and nonmovers, and between different tenures, on the basis of a set of variables describing the socioeconomic characteristics of the household. Life-style and demographic factors are shown to influence more the tenure moved to than the decision to move. And although various factors appear to influence the mobility decision in the different tenures, the age of the household is generally found to be the most important discriminator.

Two stage regression model with constraints; admissible second stage parameter estimation

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubomír Kubáček
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Estimation ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Regression Experiment ◽  
Two Stages

AbstractIf a regression experiment is realized in two stages, then two possibilities can occur in the second stage. Estimates of the first stage parameters either may be corrected by use of second stage measurements or they must stay unchanged. In the latter case, this requirement must be taken into account when estimating the second stage parameters. The situation is a little more complicated when constraints on both groups of parameters are imposed.

Study on Dislocation Behaviors during PVT Growth of 4H-SiC

2019 ◽  
Vol 963 ◽  
pp. 64-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Im Gyu Yeo ◽  
Tai Hee Eun ◽  
Jang Yul Kim ◽  
Seung Suk Lee ◽  
Han Seok Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grown Crystal ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Basal Plane Dislocation ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Surface Morphologies ◽  
Edge Dislocations

The generation and transformation of dislocations in 4H-SiC crystals grown by PVT were investigated. Experiments were carried out in two stages for more comprehensive observation on dislocation behaviors. For the first stage known as initial growth, we investigated mainly the seed and grown interface. The behavior and transition of the dislocations in grown crystal were observed along the length of the crystal at second stage. The formation of threading edge dislocations (TEDs) strongly depends on the surface morphologies related with internal temperature gradients during crystal growth. The basal plane dislocation (BPDs) and threading screw dislocation (TSDs) cause from the seed crystal and formed at the initial stage of growth were gradually decreased in number along the length of the crystal and under certain conditions such as distorted stresses, dislocations were converted into other types of dislocations.

The Role Experimentation of Intercollegiate Student Athletes

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia S. Miller ◽  
Gretchen A. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Athletic Identity ◽  
University Student ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Identity Foreclosure ◽  
Depth Interviews

This study examined the role experimentation of university student athletes using in-depth interviews. The results revealed participants’ role experimentation was limited to three spheres: athletic, academic, and social. Participants’ exploration of and commitment to roles revealed a two-stage model of identity formation. The first stage, Over-Identification with the Athlete Role, revealed a singular focus on athletics that persisted throughout much of the participants’ university careers. The second stage, Deferred Role Experimentation, reflected an increased investment in academic and social roles in the participants’ upper years. Results were consistent with previous findings of an athletic identity among intercollegiate student-athletes (Brewer, Van Raalte, & Linder, 1993), but supported Perna, Zaichkowsky, and Bocknek’s (1996) suggestion that identity foreclosure may have been overgeneralized.

Apparent Movement of Successively Generated Subjective Figures

Perception ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Timothy Petersik ◽  
Kenyon I Hicks ◽  
Allan J Pantle
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Relative Intensity ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Apparent Movement ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Subjective Figure

In the present studies a pair of random-dot frames was constructed so that two areas in the first frame (f1) were correlated with two areas in the second frame (f2). The alternation of the pair of frames (an f1-f2 sequence) gave rise to two subjective figures. When two pairs of random-dot frames (an f1-f2 sequence and an f3-f4 sequence), each of which produced two subjective figures in different locations, were themselves alternated, the subjective figures from the f1-f2 sequence interacted with the subjective figures from the f3-f4 sequence to produce apparent movement. With any one of the four general kinds of displays which we constructed, subjects usually perceived only one of two types of subjective-figure movement. The type of movement that was perceived with a given display depended primarily upon the degree of change (across the interval between an f1-f2 and an f3-f4 sequence) of the internal structure of the successively generated subjective figures. Relative intensity differences between the subjective figures and their backgrounds influenced the type of apparent movement seen, whereas variations in the density of elements in a display did not. We tentatively propose a two-stage model to explain the apparent movement of the subjective figures: the first stage is assumed to generate the subjective figures by means of a cross-correlation of the intensity distributions of the two frames within an f1-f2 sequence and within an f3-f4 sequence; on the basis of inputs from the first stage, the second stage generates apparent movement signals for the subjective figures.

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