The Rocks Change Shape: Folds, Faults, and Joints

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Maltman
Keyword(s):  
San Andreas Fault ◽  
Geological Structures ◽  
Glacial Ice ◽  
San Andreas ◽  
Geological Features ◽  
The World ◽  
Geological Faults ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Good Analogy

You may have looked at some rocky cliff and noticed sedimentary strata bent into huge curves, the shapes that geologists call folds. You may even have heard of terms like anticline and syncline. Almost certainly you will have heard of geological faults: the San Andreas Fault in California must be one of the best-known geological features there is. They are all examples of what geologists call geological structures. They can affect vineyards, and the names of examples appear around the world on wine labels. So how do these structures come about, and what decides whether rocks make folds or faults? We introduced the concept of tectonic stresses in the previous chapter. We learned that because they act in a particular direction they can induce foliations within metamorphic rocks, but of relevance here is that they can also cause rocks to change their overall shape. That is, the rocks deform, which gives rise to various geological structures. Any solid matter (unlike a liquid) that feels stresses, of whatever origin, will resist them up to a point before it starts to change shape. That point is what defines the strength of the material. The same principles apply when stresses are applied to a sediment or a soil, though rocks, with their constituent minerals firmly bonded together, resist much greater levels of stress before they deform. As one wag put it, the difference between a rock and a soil is that when you kick them a rock hurts your foot . . . So, focusing in on rocks, we see two ways in which they can deform: by flow and by fracture. Looking ahead to where this is going to lead, it’s flow that gives rise to folds, and faults result from fracture. A good analogy for the flow of rocks is glacial ice. The ice is solid to us, but given time, it can flow, to give the “river of ice” that is a glacier. If you leave a ball of silicone putty on a table top, after a few days it will have flowed, while still being a solid, to make a pool.

Isotopic insights into smoothening of abandoned fan surfaces, Southern California

2006 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Matmon ◽  
Kyle Nichols ◽  
Robert Finkel
Keyword(s):  
Surface Sediments ◽  
San Andreas Fault ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Cosmogenic Nuclide ◽  
San Andreas ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Topographic Relief ◽  
Geomorphic Processes ◽  
Over Time

AbstractCosmogenic nuclide concentrations measured on abandoned fan surfaces along the Mojave section of the San Andreas Fault suggest that sediment is generated, transported, and removed from the fans on the order of 30–40 kyr. We measured in situ produced cosmogenic 10Be, and in some cases 26Al, in boulders (n = 15), surface sediment (n = 15), and one depth profile (n = 9). Nuclide concentrations in surface sediments and boulders underestimate fan ages, suggesting that 10Be accumulation is largely controlled by the geomorphic processes that operate on the surfaces of the fans and not by their ages.Field observations, grain-size distribution, and cosmogenic nuclide data suggest that over time, boulders weather into grus and the bar sediments diffuse into the adjacent swales. As fans grow older the relief between bars and swales decreases, the sediment transport rate from bars to swales decreases, and the surface processes that erode the fan become uniform over the entire fan surface. The nuclide data therefore suggest that, over time, the difference in 10Be concentration between bars and swales increases to a maximum until the topographic relief between bars and swales is minimized, resulting in a common surface lowering rate and common 10Be concentrations across the fan. During this phase, the entire fan is lowered homogeneously at a rate of 10–15 mm kyr−1.

Shear-wave anisotropy in the Parkfield Varian well VSP

1990 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 857-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Daley ◽  
T. V. McEvilly
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
San Andreas Fault ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Seismic Profile ◽  
S Wave ◽  
S Waves ◽  
Velocity Anisotropy ◽  
San Andreas ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fault Trace

Abstract A vertical seismic profile (VSP) survey was run to 1334 m depth in the instrumented Varian well, 1.4 km from the San Andreas fault trace at Parkfield, California, to test the sensor string shortly after its permanent installation. The cable subsequently failed near the 1000 m level, so the test survey represents the deepest data acquired in the study. A shear-wave vibrator source was used at three ofsets and two orthogonal orientations, and the data have been processed for P- and S-wave velocities and for S-wave velocity anisotropy. Velocities are well-determined (3.3 and 1.9 km/sec, respectively, at the deeper levels), and the S waves are seen clearly to be split by anisotropy below about 400 m. Some 8 per cent velocity difference is apparent between polarizations parallel to and perpendicular to the San Andreas fault (faster and slower, respectively), and the difference seems to decrease with distance from the fault, suggesting that the cause may be the fabric of the fault zone. Repeated surveys at the 1000 m depth are being conducted as part of the Parkfield monitoring program.

Inter-country inequality as a dynamic process and the problem of post-industrial development

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Grigoryev ◽  
V. A. Pavlyushina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Modern World ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Development Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post Industrial

The phenomenon of economic growth is studied by economists and statisticians in various aspects for a long time. Economic theory is devoted to assessing factors of growth in the tradition of R. Solow, R. Barrow, W. Easterly and others. During the last quarter of the century, however, the institutionalists, namely D. North, D. Wallis, B. Weingast as well as D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson, have shown the complexity of the problem of development on the part of socioeconomic and political institutions. As a result, solving the problem of how economic growth affects inequality between countries has proved extremely difficult. The modern world is very diverse in terms of development level, and the article offers a new approach to the formation of the idea of stylized facts using cluster analysis. The existing statistics allows to estimate on a unified basis the level of GDP production by 174 countries of the world for 1992—2016. The article presents a structured picture of the world: the distribution of countries in seven clusters, different in levels of development. During the period under review, there was a strong per capita GDP growth in PPP in the middle of the distribution, poverty in various countries declined markedly. At the same time, in 1992—2016, the difference increased not only between rich and poor groups of countries, but also between clusters.

Speculative Realism and Science Fiction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Willems
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cormac Mccarthy ◽  
Doris Lessing ◽  
Speculative Realism ◽  
Neil Gaiman ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Quentin Meillassoux

A human-centred approach to the environment is leading to ecological collapse. One of the ways that speculative realism challenges anthropomorphism is by taking non-human things to be as valid objects of investivation as humans, allowing a more responsible and truthful view of the world to take place. Brian Willems uses a range of science fiction literature that questions anthropomorphism both to develop and challenge this philosophical position. He looks at how nonsense and sense exist together in science fiction, the way in which language is not a guarantee of personhood, the role of vision in relation to identity formation, the difference between metamorphosis and modulation, representations of non-human deaths and the function of plasticity within the Anthropocene. Willems considers the works of Cormac McCarthy, Paolo Bacigalupi, Neil Gaiman, China Miéville, Doris Lessing and Kim Stanley Robinson are considered alongside some of the main figures of speculative materialism including Graham Harman, Quentin Meillassoux and Jane Bennett.

Between High Culture and Low Culture; and also The Difference Between Popular Culture and Folk Culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Kunal Debnath
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Common People ◽  
High Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Low Culture

High culture is a collection of ideologies, beliefs, thoughts, trends, practices and works-- intellectual or creative-- that is intended for refined, cultured and educated elite people. Low culture is the culture of the common people and the mass. Popular culture is something that is always, most importantly, related to everyday average people and their experiences of the world; it is urban, changing and consumeristic in nature. Folk culture is the culture of preindustrial (premarket, precommodity) communities.

L'anglicisme dans la langue française

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 00013
Author(s):  
Danny Susanto
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
English Word ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Font Size ◽  
The World ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Bibliographic Study

<p class="Abstract">The purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenon known as&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 1rem;">“anglicism”: a loan made to the English language by another language.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">Anglicism arose either from the adoption of an English word as a&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">result of a translation defect despite the existence of an equivalent&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">term in the language of the speaker, or from a wrong translation, as a&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">word-by-word translation. Said phenomenon is very common&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">nowadays and most languages of the world including making use of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">some linguistic concepts such as anglicism, neologism, syntax,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">morphology etc, this article addresses various aspects related to&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">Anglicisms in French through a bibliographic study: the definition of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">Anglicism, the origin of Anglicisms in French and the current situation,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">the areas most affected by Anglicism, the different categories of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">Anglicism, the difference between French Anglicism in France and&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">French-speaking Canada, the attitude of French-speaking society&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">towards to the Anglicisms and their efforts to stop this phenomenon.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">The study shows that the areas affected are, among others, trade,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">travel, parliamentary and judicial institutions, sports, rail, industrial&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">production and most recently film, industrial production, sport, oil industry, information technology,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">science and technology. Various initiatives have been implemented either by public institutions or by&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">individuals who share concerns about the increasingly felt threat of the omnipresence of Anglicism in&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">everyday life.</span></p>

The San Andreas Fault

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra S. Schulz ◽  
Robert E. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
San Andreas Fault ◽  
San Andreas
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document