Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 179-182
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Business Models ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Patent System ◽  
System Support ◽  
Technology Markets ◽  
The Public ◽  
Barrier To Entry ◽  
The U.S

For more than a decade, U.S. courts, legislators, and antitrust regulators have sought to weaken IP protections in technology markets. An organizational approach to IP analysis raises doubts about whether this policy trajectory is consistent with the public interest in supporting both the innovation and the implementation of new technologies. The economics, history, and politics of the U.S. patent system support the view that weak-IP regimes induce an organizational bias by favoring firms that operate under integrated and platform-based business models for monetizing R&D, which raises an implicit barrier to entry by smaller R&D-specialized entities that rely on patents to enter into contractual transactions to execute the commercialization functions required to reach market. Weakening IP protections can protect large incumbents against the competitive threat posed by smaller entrants that often produce the most dramatic forms of technological innovation.

scholarly journals Corporate Governance of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Interest

Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Peter Cihon ◽  
Jonas Schuett ◽  
Seth D. Baum
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Media ◽  
The U.S

Corporations play a major role in artificial intelligence (AI) research, development, and deployment, with profound consequences for society. This paper surveys opportunities to improve how corporations govern their AI activities so as to better advance the public interest. The paper focuses on the roles of and opportunities for a wide range of actors inside the corporation—managers, workers, and investors—and outside the corporation—corporate partners and competitors, industry consortia, nonprofit organizations, the public, the media, and governments. Whereas prior work on multistakeholder AI governance has proposed dedicated institutions to bring together diverse actors and stakeholders, this paper explores the opportunities they have even in the absence of dedicated multistakeholder institutions. The paper illustrates these opportunities with many cases, including the participation of Google in the U.S. Department of Defense Project Maven; the publication of potentially harmful AI research by OpenAI, with input from the Partnership on AI; and the sale of facial recognition technology to law enforcement by corporations including Amazon, IBM, and Microsoft. These and other cases demonstrate the wide range of mechanisms to advance AI corporate governance in the public interest, especially when diverse actors work together.

scholarly journals Healthcare innovation and patent law’s ‘pharmaceutical privilege’: is there a pharmaceutical privilege? And if so, should we remove it?

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Dutfield
Keyword(s):  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Patent System ◽  
Targeted Treatment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Benefits ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Drug Patent ◽  
Healthcare Innovation

AbstractThis article reviews current trends in patent claims regarding personalised, stratified and precision medicine. These trends are not particularly well understood by policymakers, even less by the public, and are quite recent. Consequently, their implications for the public interest have hardly been thought out. Some see personalised and other secondary drug patent claims as promoting better targeted treatment. Others are inclined to see them as \manifestations of ‘evergreening’ whereby companies are, in some cases quite cynically, trying to extend market monopolies in old products or creating new monopolies based on supposedly improved versions of such earlier drugs. The article claims that the relaxation of ‘novelty’ is a privilege unavailable to inventions in other fields and that on balance the patent systemdoesprivilege this industry and that no adequate case has yet been made thus far to prove the public benefits overall.

New Technologies and the Public Interest

Leonardo ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Ernest L. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The Public

Energy Efficiency, Fuel Economy, and Policy Implications

2005 ◽  
Vol 1941 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Lutsey ◽  
Daniel Sperling
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
The Public ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Consumption Energy ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles

In the past 20 years, the acceleration performance of light-duty vehicles in the United States has improved substantially while vehicles have gotten larger and heavier. Over the same period, fuel economy, measured as miles per gallon, has not improved. These data suggest that technological innovation in vehicles is not lagging but is not being used to improve vehicle fuel economy. This paper quantifies vehicle efficiency improvements in U.S. light-duty vehicles since 1975 as they relate to fuel consumption. Energy efficiency improvements have been strongly positive and relatively constant since 1975. The rapid rise in fuel economy in the late 1970s was due to a mix of efficiency improvements and downgrading of utility in the form of reduced size, power, and elimination of accessories and amenities (such as air conditioning). In contrast, since the mid-1980s, fuel economy has remained constant while the benefits of technological innovation were used to satisfy private desires (more power, size, and amenities), instead of the public interest (reduced greenhouse gas emissions and oil imports). An important policy question is how and to what extent future efficiency innovations might be directed to the public interest.

scholarly journals Fashion Technology and the Development of New Business Models

2017 ◽  
pp. 174-210
Author(s):  
Raphayela Belém Schluep
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Business Models ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Business Model Innovation ◽  
Fashion Industry ◽  
New Business ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
Complex Extension ◽  
New Business Models

This chapter explores the concept and components of business models and particularly, the technological innovation of predominant business models in the fashion industry associated with the phenomenon of convergence. The main inquiry revolves around how business models in the fashion industry are handling the ongoing challenges and changes of new technologies. This multiple-case study validates that technological convergence is the key to accomplishing business model innovation in the fashion industry. Limitations and further research are considered relevant because of the dynamic and complex extension of this topic and the current lack of published material.

New Technologies, New Work

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Job Market ◽  
The Public ◽  
Vital Component ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
And Gender

This chapter argues that towards the end of the nineteenth century in Spanish America the acceleration of technological innovation and the development of a middle class created new opportunities for middle-class women to enter the labor market. Although women increasingly worked outside the home, writers typically sent the message that women’s work is not valuable or important, that women should avoid work, especially paid work, as much as possible, and that men should help them stay out of the labor force and the capitalist job market. This chapter reads these statements as contesting certain discourses of modernity from the metropolis that privileged women’s entry into the public sphere via paid employment as a vital component of the modernizing project and as taking advantage of modernity’s newfound emphasis on domesticity. Technologies of transportation (trains) and communication (telephones) in Matto de Turner’s Aves sin nido, Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera’s La novela del tranvía, the Chilean journals Zig-Zagand Familia, and the Guatemalan La Ilustración Guatemalteca. Depictions of work, consumer culture, and gender in Gorriti’s La oasis en la vida, César Duáyen’s Mecha Iturbe and Federico Gamboa’s Santa are also analysed.

The Marcona Settlement: New Forms of Negotiation and Compensation for Nationalized Property

1977 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Gantz
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Third World ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Country ◽  
The Public ◽  
Third World Country ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The U.S

On September 22, 1976, the United States and the Government of Peru signed an agreement resolving the nationalization of the Marcona Mining Company’s Peruvian branch. The settlement, the intergovernmental negotiations leading up to it, and the expropriation itself are of more than passing interest. The settlement has been characterized by the U.S. Government as providing, when fully implemented, prompt, adequate, and effective compensation through a package—a combination of cash and long term sales relationship—which represents a relatively beneficial arrangement economically and politically for the Government of Peru. These arrangements were the more remarkable for having been concluded with a leading Third World country that has a long history of nationalization of foreign investment. In light of the frequency of expropriations of American-owned property abroad, and of the fact that in one or more ways such expropriations involve issues of the public interest as well as those of private U.S. companies, the Marcona settlement has implications for the handling of other investment disputes.

Self-governing schools, parental choice, and the need to protect the public interest

2017 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward B. Fiske ◽  
Helen F. Ladd
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
School Choice ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Parental Choice ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Voucher Programs ◽  
The U.S

As policy makers call for the dramatic expansion of school choice and voucher programs across the U.S., it becomes all the more important for educators and advocates to consider lessons learned in countries – such as the Netherlands, New Zealand, and England – that have already gone down this path. Efforts to promote choice and school self-governance have shown clear benefits for individual students and families, but they have had troubling consequences for the broader public.

scholarly journals Media disruption and the public interest

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trine Syvertsen ◽  
Karen Donders ◽  
Gunn Enli ◽  
Tim Raats
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Public ◽  
Media Companies ◽  
Societal Values ◽  
Executive Managers ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Societal Responsibility

AbstractDigitization, new entrants and the disruption of business models prompt concern about the media’s societal mission. The article investigates how media managers conceptualize societal responsibility in an era of turmoil. Based on 20 semi-structured interviews with executive managers of private media companies in Norway and Flanders, the study reveals important differences in the definition of the public interest. While Flemish media managers emphasize brand value, Norwegian managers emphasize societal values, such as educating the public. When comparing managers of traditional and newer companies, a third, more straightforward market logic is also elicited, illuminating the vulnerability of traditional values.

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