Entrepreneurship, the Diaspora, and Return

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-36
Author(s):  
Nick Williams
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Specific Role ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
International Borders ◽  
National Borders

Chapter 2 outlines the contemporary literature on entrepreneurship and its role in economic development. It then explicitly examines the specific role of returnee entrepreneurship and the potential impacts of returnee entrepreneurship to home countries. The chapter highlights the resurgent interest in entrepreneurship among economic theorists and the increased importance ascribed to entrepreneurship by policy makers. It also demonstrates that often research focuses on entrepreneurs within a country, region, or locality, rather than entrepreneurs who are global actors moving across international borders. Of the research on flows of entrepreneurs outside national borders, the majority of literature focuses on the impacts in host countries (i.e. the country they have emigrated to), rather than their home country (i.e. the country they have emigrated from). This chapter thus builds on this research by setting out the important potential role for returnee entrepreneurs who invest at home and have the potential to fill entrepreneurial gaps.

Financial access and economic development: the moderating role of financial consumer protection

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Kriese ◽  
Joshua Yindenaba Abor ◽  
Elikplimi Agbloyor
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Compliance Monitoring ◽  
Financial Access ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Moderating Role

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the moderating role of financial consumer protection (FCP) in the access–development nexus. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on cross-country data on 102 countries surveyed in the World Bank Global Survey on FCP and Financial Literacy (2013). The White heteroscedasticity adjusted regressions and Two-stage least squares regressions (2SLS) are used for the estimation. Findings Interactions between FCP regulations that foster fair treatment, disclosure, dispute resolution and recourse and financial access have positive net effects on economic development. However, there is no sufficient evidence to suggest that interactions between financial access and enforcement and compliance monitoring regulations have a significant effect on economic development. Practical implications First, policy makers should continue with efforts aimed at instituting FCP regimes as part of strategies aimed at broadening access to financial services for enhanced economic development. Second, instituting FCP regimes per se may not be enough. Policy makers need to consider possible intervening factors such as the provision of adequate resources and supervisory authority, for compliance monitoring and enforcement to achieve the expected positive effect on economic development. Originality/value This study extends evidence in the law–finance–growth literature by providing empirical evidence on the effect of legal institution specific to the protection of retail financial consumers on the access–development nexus using a nouvel data set, the World Bank Global survey on FCP and Financial Literacy (2013).

A critical review and re-assessment of theories of smallholder decision-making: a case of conservation agriculture households, Zambia

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Bwalya Umar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Uncertain Environments

AbstractDifferent theories have been posited that try to explain the decision-making process of smallholders especially regarding the adoption of new technologies or new agricultural techniques. The objective of this paper is to review and re-assess the dominant household production theories to explain the decision making of smallholders practicing conservation agriculture (CA) in the southern, eastern, and central provinces of Zambia. It also discusses the potential role of CA toward economic development. It finds that the CA smallholders studied did not aim to maximize profits but tried to secure household consumption from their own production before any other considerations in risky and uncertain environments. Their response to economic incentives was contingent on minimizing risks associated with securing a minimum level of livelihood and investing into local forms of insurance. This paper concludes that the ability for CA to contribute to rural livelihoods and economic development would depend on how adequately the factors that hinder smallholder agricultural development in general are addressed.

scholarly journals Return Migrants’ Impact in Economic Development of the Origin Country

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Alkida Ndreka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Change Agents ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Return Migrants ◽  
The 1960S

Migration has reciprocal economic implications between the origin and host countries. While scholars draw attention to the globalization of migration, since the 1960s there is a perpetual debate about the migration and development nexus. The role of international migrants and their financial remittances are identified as having a highly positive effect on the home country’s development. Emigrants’ remittances tangibly benefit the income for the families in the home country and investments in different sectors (housing, education, health, entrepreneurship, etc.). Next to remittances, returned migrants, especially those highly skilled are recognized as actors and drivers of significant economic development in the homeland. The contribution of return migrants to the development in origin countries can be beneficial not simply by investing the financial capital they accumulated during the migration cycle but also by the transferring of expertise, knowledge and new skills acquired abroad, and acting as social change agents in the home society. Empirical studies indicate a positive relationship between return migration and entrepreneurial activity, therefore enterprises can be a substantial contributor, among others, to economic growth and alleviating poverty of the origin country. Governments and policymakers are increasingly interested in the issue of return migration and return migration policies that attract and facilitate the returnee’s reintegration. Reintegration programs, especially those in the business sector, benefit the development of the origin country through savings, investments, easing of entrepreneurial opportunities and the expertise of returnees. This paper aims to identify whether return migration is beneficial for the origin country and especially to analyze the role of return migrant’s in the economic development of the origin country through engaging in entrepreneurial activity

The Role of the Higher Education Sector in China's Research and Development System

1989 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 38-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Future Growth

Since 1978 science and technology (S&T) have been officially seen as the motors of future growth and modernization of the Chinese economy. Much effort has been devoted to the formulation and implementation of policy to reform the S&T sector to ensure that it will contribute much more than it has in the past to social and economic development. One objective of the reforms has been to mobilize under-utilized resources to expand research and develop ment (R&D) activities. It is in this context that policy-makers in China started to focus their attention on the higher education sector (HES). The sector's potential role as an important R&D performer has been progressively articulated over time in breadth and depth as policy-makers’ concerns have expanded, to examine the relationship between training S&T personnel and scientific research in the context of the rapid changes wrought by the “new technological revolution” (xin jishu geming).

The Impact of the Chinese Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) On Sino-EU Relations: The Leverage between Investment and Human Rights

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingxiu Bu
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Sovereign Wealth Funds ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSovereign wealth funds (SWFs) have been rapidly redefining the traditional paradigms, providing both much-needed capitals as well as posing particular challenges for policy makers. The role of SWFs, which are becoming increasingly involved in the global financial markets, has often been underestimated in the discourse of the protection of human rights. The tâtonnement processes of bargaining between home and host countries of SWFs indicate that the concern regarding human rights has maintained a sensible balance between protecting the rights of individuals and the benefits that large capital investments offer for both host and home countries. The challenge still remains as to whether the presumption that the promotion of SWFs investment is going to retard the promotion of human rights would not be rebutted even in terms of the new global regulatory framework.

scholarly journals Conceptualizing Institutions And Organizations: A Critical Approach

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Boliari ◽  
Kudret Topyan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Specific Role ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Paper Review ◽  
Clear Differentiation ◽  
Douglass North

<p class="maintext" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 34.2pt 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="BG">This paper review</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="BG"> the concept of institutions and its relationship to capitalist development as used in the field of NIE and compare</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="BG"> it to the use of the concept by Hall and Soskice. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="BG">y specifying exactly what institutions are, how and why they should be differentiated from organizations, and how they influence transaction and production costs, Douglass North and the NIE articulate the role of institutions in understanding economic development. Hall and Soskice however, reveal</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="BG"> a broad and varied use of the concept which ignores one of the key elements of institutions &ndash; enforcement</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> and</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">also </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="BG">fail</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="BG"> to provide a clear differentiation between institutions and organizations which leads to confusions in understanding their specific role</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="BG"> in </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">th</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="BG">e process of development of the two types of economies that the authors define. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A varied, imprecise and inconsistent use of the concept may lead to an overestimation of the role of institutions and conversely underestimation of the role of organizations in capitalist development.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p>

The Role of Rational Planning in Economic Development: A Nigerian Example

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Oladejo Okediji
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Land Settlement ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Rational Planning ◽  
Directed Change

Sponsors of rational planning often assume that successful implementation of planned and directed change is guaranteed. It is a thesis of this paper, however, that such planning may generate instead conditions which can defeat the socio-economic purpose. A comparison of two of the farm settlements currently administered under the Western Nigeria Land Settlement Scheme will show that their divergent patterns of development, which fell outside the framework prescribed and anticipated by the policy makers, were determined largely by the conditions specified for the establishment of their social structure.

scholarly journals Transformation and crisis in Central and Eastern Europe: A combined and uneven development perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Uneven Development ◽  
Development Perspective

This article elaborates a theory of combined and uneven development that takes the dimensions of spatiality, labour and institutions seriously. Drawing on this conceptual framework, an account is given of the way the 2007–2008 crisis was inflected in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The integration of these countries with the global economy has taken place in different ways through trade, investment and finance. This has not only been a source of unevenness within and between them, but has also determined the form and severity with which they have experienced the crisis. The combined and uneven development perspective is therefore able to provide a rich and more dynamic account of economic development and the transmission of the crisis. Further, rather than labour being treated as one among many institutions, it is privileged in its potential role of instigating deep social change.

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