Citizens

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-152
Author(s):  
Philip Kitcher
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Open Discussion ◽  
Available Information

Contemporary democracies are frequently seen as endangered. This chapter begins by reviewing the concerns. It then distinguishes three levels of democracy: the superficial level of votes and elections, a deeper level that requires free and open discussion of issues, and the deepest level at which citizens interact to work through controversial questions. The existence of that deepest level is taken to be critical for the health of democracy. It should be embodied in a particular style of deliberation, one that involves representatives of all those affected by the issue, in which the participants rely on the best available information, and in which the deliberators strive for an outcome acceptable to all. These conditions point toward a form of citizenship, for which young people can and should be trained. The chapter culminates with concrete suggestions about how this type of citizenship might be fostered.

Modelling Public Administration Portals

2011 ◽  
pp. 606-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierfrancesco Foglia ◽  
Cosimo Antonio Prete ◽  
Michele Zanda
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Data Integration ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Public ◽  
Time Consumption ◽  
Available Information

Portals for the public administration (PA) are Internet gateways leading to a broad range of services, devoted to a great number of users. The offered services can potentially be all the ones offered by the PA offices. The final users involved are potentially all the citizens, thus ranging from young people to retired ones, to impaired ones. The benefits offered by putting PA services on the Internet are various: a reduced number of employees at the PA offices, an increased number of citizens that can interact with the PA, immediately available information (news, laws, regulations), faster data integration in PA informative systems, and overall costs reductions (citizen mobility, time consumption, etc.). Such benefits are driving a wide diffusion of PA portals with an increasing number of accesses and users (Reis, 2005).

Workforce development: perspectives from people with learning disabilities

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
Jill Davies ◽  
George Matuska
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Young People ◽  
Workforce Development ◽  
Staff Training ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Open Discussion ◽  
Staff Recruitment ◽  
Larger Sample

Purpose Research into the skills and competencies required by staff working with people with learning disabilities has concentrated on staff views. The purpose of this paper is to explore what people with learning disabilities want from the workforce supporting them. The evaluation was commissioned by Health Education England working across Kent, Surrey and Sussex (HEE KSS). Design/methodology/approach An easy read questionnaire, co-produced with people with learning disabilities, was completed with 70 participants, 65 of whom attended one of 10 workshops. Two questionnaires were also completed by parents on behalf of their child. The workshops also allowed for open discussion. Findings People with learning disabilities value a workforce with a positive attitude, with staff who are skilled in supporting people to gain independence and have a voice. Research limitations/implications Findings are relevant to staff recruitment, matching of staff to services and staff training. Originality/value Although there is some previous research around service user views, this evaluation had a larger sample size. The findings were similar to previous studies, particularly around the kind of qualities required from staff, which were the ability to listen, have trust and be able to learn specific skills. Although the highest representation was from young people and young adults, participants ranged from 12 to over 65 years. Differences in views according to participant age ranges are also noted.

Developing and measuring transition-related decision-making in Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S58-S58 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Santosh
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Young People ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Life Changes ◽  
Transition Readiness ◽  
Successful Transition ◽  
Open Discussion ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Beta Version

The MILESTONE project developed the Transition Readiness and Appropriateness Measure (TRAM) and the Transition-Related Outcome Measure (TROM) on the HealthTracker™ platform, each prepared in versions for young people, parents/carers and clinicians. Together these instruments aim to support and then evaluate clinician decision-making with respect to transition. The suite of measures were developed on and hosted on the HealthTracker™ Platform. FDA approved protocols were evoked in scale development and validation. A comprehensive list of items potentially significant in transition decision-making was generated from a thorough literature review and discussion with experts. Focus groups were conducted with young people, parents/carers and clinicians centring on the themes of “who should transition” and “identifying successful transition”. In open discussion, further items considered important in transition decision-making were elicited, and the importance of listed items was rated. Analysis of the data allowed items to be removed, kept or amalgamated. Domains considered universally important in transition decision-making emerged; these included diagnosis, impairment, risk, life changes, barriers to a successful transition and transition success markers. A beta version of the scale was tested for comprehension and usability by transition experts, young people and parents/carers. Following pilot testing, qualitative interviews were conducted with some participants to identify further issues. Scales were translated from English into French, Italian, German, Croatian and Dutch and translations uploaded to the HealthTracker™ online platform. Validation of the scales required completion of the TRAM and TROM alongside a series of proxy “gold-standard” measures to assess psychometric validity, test-retest validity and sensitivity to change.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Good practice in transition services for young people with learning disabilities: a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Barron ◽  
Angela Hassiotis
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Young People ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Transition Services ◽  
Information Research ◽  
New Methodologies ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Neurodevelopment Disorders

There is now a vast amount of available information, research and policy on the transition of young people with learning disabilities to adulthood. These sources are informed by different professional philosophies and practices, resulting in a heterogeneous mass of data that can be confusing, contradictory and repetitive. In this review we provide an overview of recent publications about services for young people with learning disabilities at the time of transition, with particular focus on those with mental disorders including neurodevelopment disorders and/or challenging behaviour. We discuss their relevance to good practice and the implications for the future development of services for people with learning disabilities in the UK. We argue that, despite the qualitative differences between the experience of transition to adulthood for young people with learning disabilities and that of other young people, the principles of service provision remain the same. Developments in research and clinical practice in this field ought to reflect good practice, as well as embracing new methodologies, and benefit from advances in adolescents without learning disabilities.

Let’s Talk Politics

Young ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 18S-35S ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Claes ◽  
Lies Maurissen ◽  
Nele Havermans
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Civic Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Student ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
Education Strategy ◽  
Open Discussion

Deliberative democratic theory puts discussions at the centre of democracy. Schools are places where young people can practise such discussions. In this article, we argue that these perceptions of deliberation in class are differential for different young people. Individual student characteristics matter when making schools successful in creating an ‘open discussion climate’. Using the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) 2009, we find that gender, self-efficacy and socio-economic background have an impact on the perception of such a climate. If students evaluate discussion opportunities differently based on background characteristics, alternate strategies should be developed to get everyone to deliberate. Future research looking into the quality of discussions should take this into account, as boys or students with a lower SES (socio-economic status) might need extra stimulation to perceive the classroom as a place to discuss public matters. Also, schools and policymakers should be aware when deciding which civic education strategy should be followed to obtain the desired results.

What is an Opinion Anyway?

2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
Nick Sparrow
Keyword(s):  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Open Discussion ◽  
The Government ◽  
Broad Subject ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Large Representative ◽  
Representative Samples

Traditional polls assume that opinions on any political or social issue can be collected simply by asking straightforward questions and recording the answers. Wrong. Many people have not carefully sifted the available information or formed a firm opinion prior to interview. Nevertheless a traditional poll counts all responses as having equal validity, however and whenever they are formed. Qualitative research, although allowing more open discussion, nevertheless exerts the same pressure on respondents to have a view. Group dynamics and the discussion guide and leader also combine to steer the group towards consensus. If only people were made to pay attention to the facts and substantive issues, as in a deliberative poll, then we would know what ‘informed’ public opinion would think. Trouble is, as the government has found, the answers obtained could be said to be critically dependent on the information the researchers choose to provide to respondents. This paper investigates the potential for large-scale e-Delphi polling methods, simply giving large representative samples of voters simple questions on broad topic areas to consider. Via an iterative process, the job of researcher is then to observe what views people hold and give those views back to respondents to rate and comment on. The method allows people to think about the broad subject area, express a view in their own time, if they have one, and/or respond to the views of others. We can observe which thoughts are popular and which have an infectious capability. Critically, the job of the researcher is not to ask – but to listen.

Open discussion

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 605-613
Author(s):  
P. S. Conti
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
List Type ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Open Discussion ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ring Nebulae

Conti: One of the main conclusions of the Wolf-Rayet symposium in Buenos Aires was that Wolf-Rayet stars are evolutionary products of massive objects. Some questions:–Do hot helium-rich stars, that are not Wolf-Rayet stars, exist?–What about the stability of helium rich stars of large mass? We know a helium rich star of ∼40 MO. Has the stability something to do with the wind?–Ring nebulae and bubbles : this seems to be a much more common phenomenon than we thought of some years age.–What is the origin of the subtypes? This is important to find a possible matching of scenarios to subtypes.

Ultrastructural Alterations in Hela Cells Induced by Spider Venom

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 20-21
Author(s):  
Dale E. McClendon ◽  
Paul N. Morgan ◽  
Bernard L. Soloff
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Carcinoma Cells ◽  
Venom Protein ◽  
Sterile Saline ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Loxosceles Reclusa ◽  
Essential Growth ◽  
Solution Cultures

It has been observed that minute amounts of venom from the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, are capable of producing cytotoxic changes in cultures of certain mammalian cells (Morgan and Felton, 1965). Since there is little available information concerning the effect of venoms on susceptible cells, we have attempted to characterize, at the electron microscope level, the cytotoxic changes produced by the venom of this spider.Cultures of human epithelial carcinoma cells, strain HeLa, were initiated on sterile, carbon coated coverslips contained in Leighton tubes. Each culture was seeded with approximately 1x105 cells contained in 1.5 ml of a modified Eagle's minimum essential growth medium prepared in Hank's balanced salt solution. Cultures were incubated at 36° C. for three days prior to the addition of venom. The venom was collected from female brown recluse spiders and diluted in sterile saline. Protein determinations on the venom-were made according to the spectrophotometric method of Waddell (1956). Approximately 10 μg venom protein per ml of fresh medium was added to each culture after discarding the old growth medium. Control cultures were treated similarly, except that no venom was added. All cultures were reincubated at 36° C.

Eds Of Radioactive Particles By Self-Induced Fluorescence

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-239
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Finch ◽  
Richard G. Cuddihy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Reactor Accident ◽  
Internal Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
External Sources ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Individual Particles

The elemental composition of individual particles is commonly measured by using energydispersive spectroscopic microanalysis (EDS) of samples excited with electron beam irradiation. Similarly, several investigators have characterized particles by using external monochromatic X-irradiation rather than electrons. However, there is little available information describing measurements of particulate characteristic X rays produced not from external sources of radiation, but rather from internal radiation contained within the particle itself. Here, we describe the low-energy (< 20 KeV) characteristic X-ray spectra produced by internal radiation self-excitation of two general types of particulate samples; individual radioactive particles produced during the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident and radioactive fused aluminosilicate particles (FAP). In addition, we compare these spectra with those generated by conventional EDS.Approximately thirty radioactive particle samples from the Chernobyl accident were on a sample of wood that was near the reactor when the accident occurred. Individual particles still on the wood were microdissected from the bulk matrix after bulk autoradiography.

Developing theory-based risk-reduction interventions for HIV-positive young people with haemophilia

Haemophilia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Schultz ◽  
R. B. Butler ◽  
L. Mckernan ◽  
R. Boelsen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Hiv Positive
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