Does the First Amendment Forbid, Permit, or Require Government Support of News Industries?

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-100
Author(s):  
Martha Minow
Keyword(s):  
First Amendment ◽  
News Media ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Free Press ◽  
Government Action ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
News Industry

Chapter 3 explores the First Amendment implications of government support of the news industry. It challenges the assumption that the Constitution bars any governmental role in the news media by analyzing First Amendment decisions by courts and legislatures, including historical shifts in First Amendment interpretations. The analysis identifies a range of constitutionally permissible tools for government actions to strengthen or save news industries and advances a positive conception of First Amendment rights that both sanctions and motivates new approaches to sustain the free press. First Amendment values strongly support government action to protect the generation, production, and distribution of news.

News Production and Distribution in the United States: Private Industry and Government Contributions

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-57
Author(s):  
Martha Minow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
First Amendment ◽  
News Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
News Production ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
News Industry ◽  
Government Involvement

Chapter 2 anticipates objections to government involvement in news media by tracing the long-standing historical involvement of the federal government in enabling and shaping the development of the modern news media. Although private sector companies and investments have played a central role in the development of media news, for most of American history governmental involvement has been integral to the structure, financing, and effectiveness of the news industry while advancing free expression of ideas. The historic governmental actions shaping the news industry contradict the libertarian conception of the First Amendment that has grown in influence during the past several decades, a conception putting into jeopardy government actions to address the failing news industry.

Coda

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-148
Author(s):  
Martha Minow
Keyword(s):  
First Amendment ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
News Media ◽  
Free Press ◽  
Call To Action ◽  
News Industry ◽  
The Government

Chapter 5 concludes with a call to action to fix the crisis in the news media. The First Amendment’s guarantee of free speech and free press presupposes the existence of an independent press. That predicate is now in jeopardy. Changes in the news industry threaten the project of democracy and obligate the government to act. The First Amendment is not a barrier but instead a basis for such action.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence in News Media: Current Perceptions and Future Outlook

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias-Felipe de-Lima-Santos ◽  
Wilson Ceron
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Computer Vision ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
News Media ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
News Industry ◽  
Journalistic Field

In recent years, news media has been greatly disrupted by the potential of technologically driven approaches in the creation, production, and distribution of news products and services. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged from the realm of science fiction and has become a very real tool that can aid society in addressing many issues, including the challenges faced by the news industry. The ubiquity of computing has become apparent and has demonstrated the different approaches that can be achieved using AI. We analyzed the news industry’s AI adoption based on the seven subfields of AI: (i) machine learning; (ii) computer vision (CV); (iii) speech recognition; (iv) natural language processing (NLP); (v) planning, scheduling, and optimization; (vi) expert systems; and (vii) robotics. Our findings suggest that three subfields are being developed more in the news media: machine learning, computer vision, as well as planning, scheduling, and optimization. Other areas have not been fully deployed in the journalistic field. Most AI news projects rely on funds from tech companies such as Google. This limits AI’s potential to a small number of players in the news industry. We make conclusions by providing examples of how these subfields are being developed in journalism and present an agenda for future research.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence in News Media: Current Perceptions and Future Outlook

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Mathias-Felipe de-Lima-Santos ◽  
Wilson Ceron
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Computer Vision ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
News Media ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
News Industry ◽  
Journalistic Field

In recent years, news media has been greatly disrupted by the potential of technologically driven approaches in the creation, production, and distribution of news products and services. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged from the realm of science fiction and has become a very real tool that can aid society in addressing many issues, including the challenges faced by the news industry. The ubiquity of computing has become apparent and has demonstrated the different approaches that can be achieved using AI. We analyzed the news industry’s AI adoption based on the seven subfields of AI: (i) machine learning; (ii) computer vision (CV); (iii) speech recognition; (iv) natural language processing (NLP); (v) planning, scheduling, and optimization; (vi) expert systems; and (vii) robotics. Our findings suggest that three subfields are being developed more in the news media: machine learning, computer vision, and planning, scheduling, and optimization. Other areas have not been fully deployed in the journalistic field. Most AI news projects rely on funds from tech companies such as Google. This limits AI’s potential to a small number of players in the news industry. We made conclusions by providing examples of how these subfields are being developed in journalism and presented an agenda for future research.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence in News Media: Current Perceptions and Future Outlook

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias-Felipe de-Lima-Santos ◽  
Wilson Ceron
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Computer Vision ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
News Media ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
News Industry ◽  
Journalistic Field

In recent years, news media have been hugely disrupted by the potential of technological-driven approaches in the creation, production, and distribution of news products and services. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged from the realm of science fiction and has become a very real tool that can aid society in addressing many issues, including the challenges faced by the news industry. The ubiquity of computing has become apparent and has shown the different approaches that can be achieved using AI. We analyzed the news industry AI adoption based on the seven subfields emanated from AI: (i) machine learning; (ii) computer vision (CV); (iii) speech recognition; (iv) natural language processing (NLP); (v) planning, scheduling, and optimization; (vi) expert systems; and (vii) robotics. Our findings suggest that three subfields are being more developed in the news media: machine learning, planning, scheduling & optimization, and computer vision. Other areas are still not fully deployed in the journalistic field. Most of the AI news projects rely on funds from tech companies, such as Google. This limits the potential of AI in the news industry to a small number of players. We conclude by providing examples of how these subfields are being developed in journalism and present an agenda for future research.

News

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
José van
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Professional Practices ◽  
Public Values ◽  
Social Foundations ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
News Organizations ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
News Industry

This chapter examines how the advent of data-driven publishers, such as BuzzFeed and the Huffington Post, as well as the rise of the Big Five platforms, have shaken the news sector’s economic, technical, and social foundations. The proliferation of online audience metrics and algorithmic filtering, promoting the personalization of news and advertisements, has fundamentally transformed how news is produced, circulated, and monetized. The triangular content–audiences–advertising configuration that constituted the legacy news industry is unbundled and rebundled through online platforms. As a consequence, the professional practices and institutional standards once set by legacy news organizations are seriously challenged. Key public values, such as journalistic independence and the trustworthiness of news, have come under scrutiny as new online players in this sector reconfigure the conditions of production and distribution.

scholarly journals The Rali affair: A case study for a free press

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-124
Author(s):  
David Robie
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Free Press ◽  
Student Newspaper ◽  
The University ◽  
Cover Up

In early 1996, a PNG news media cover-up was alleged over the so-called Topul Rali affair. An exposé by the student newspaper Uni Tavur led to a clash with the University of PNG administration and the journalism programme was closed down three years later. 

Saving the News

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Minow
Keyword(s):  
First Amendment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Accountability ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Truth Telling ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Government Action ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government

This book argues that US democracy presumes a news industry but that industry currently is failing. It focuses on the contributions of digital platforms and legal rules to the current situation and on the government's responsibilities for alleviating the problem. As the book shows, the First Amendment of the US Constitution assumes the existence and durability of a private industry. Despite some concerns that government action now is not permitted, nothing in the Constitution forecloses government action to regulate concentrated economic power, to require disclosure of who is financing communications, or to support news initiatives where there are market failures. Moreover, the federal government always been involved in shaping the media environment; it has contributed financial resources, laws, and regulations to develop and shape media in the United States. The government has subsidized development of the internet and crafted legal immunities for digital platforms; the government has crafted the direction and contours of America's media ecosystem. The shift of people’s attention to media platforms that borrow news stories without paying for them and spread misinformation jeopardizes journalism, reliable news sources, and the very respect for truth-telling. To maintain government accountability and inform a public as required in a democracy, The book outlines an array of reforms, including a new fairness doctrine, regulating digital platforms as public utilities, using antitrust authority to regulate the media, policing fraud, and more robust funding of public media. As the text stresses, such reforms are not merely plausible ideas; they are the kinds of initiatives needed if the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of the press continues to hold meaning in the twenty-first century.

The First Amendment During the Trump Era and Beyond

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-232
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Ball
Keyword(s):  
First Amendment ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Free Press ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Real Possibility ◽  
The Real ◽  
Repeated Use

This chapter explores the ways in which some progressives, in the years leading up to Trump’s election, had grown skeptical of expansive First Amendment protections, viewing them as impediments to the pursuit of equality objectives. Although some of that skepticism is understandable, the chapter details the multiple ways in which free speech and free press protections helped curtail some of Trump’s autocratic policies and practices. In doing so, the chapter argues that progressives, going forward, should not allow what it calls “First Amendment skepticism” to grow to the point that it undermines the amendment’s ability to shield democratic processes, dissenters, and vulnerable groups from future autocratic government officials in the Trump mold. The chapter ends with an exploration of future hate speech regulations. While it would be understandable for progressives, after Trump’s repeated use of hate speech, to call for greater regulations of such speech, the chapter urges progressives to be cautious in this area because of the real possibility that the regulations will be used by future government officials in the Trump mold to target and discriminate against both progressive viewpoints and racial and religious minorities.

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