Shared Intention, Organized Institutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-80
Author(s):  
Michael E. Bratman
Keyword(s):  
Human Action ◽  
Planning Theory ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Shared Intention ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Planning Agency ◽  
Intentional Agency ◽  
Rules Of Procedure

This chapter begins with the use of the planning theory of individual temporally extended human action in a construction of shared intention. It then develops a series of further constructions that build on each other: of Hart-type, criticism/demand-involving social rules; of authority-augmented social rules of procedure involved in the rule-guided infrastructure of an organized institution; of institutional intentions as outputs of social rules of procedure (where these intentions require neither corresponding shared intention nor a dense, holistic institutional subject); and of institutional intentional agency. These constructions articulate inter-related roles of our capacity for planning agency in important forms of human practical organization: temporally extended, small-scale social, and institutional.

scholarly journals Modest Sociality: Continuities and Discontinuities

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Pacherie
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
Planning Agency ◽  
Intentional Agency ◽  
Individual Planning ◽  
Shared Agency ◽  
Central Claim

AbstractA central claim in Michael Bratman’s account of shared agency is that there need be no radical conceptual, metaphysical or normative discontinuity between robust forms of small-scale shared intentional agency, i.e., modest sociality, and individual planning agency. What I propose to do is consider another potential discontinuity, whose existence would throw doubt on his contention that the structure of a robust form of modest sociality is entirely continuous with structures at work in individual planning agency. My main point will be that he may be wrong in assuming that the basic cognitive infrastructure sufficient to support individual agency doesn’t have to be supplemented in significant ways to support shared agency.

scholarly journals Mistake, Failure of Consideration and the Planning Theory of Intention

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Sheehan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Planning Theory ◽  
Background Condition ◽  
Collective Intention ◽  
Planning Agency ◽  
The Law ◽  
Collective Intentions

Recovery of mistaken payments in the law of restitution is often justified by reference to a vitiated intention and that of payments where there is a failure of consideration by reference to a qualified intention. This paper aims to investigate whether this is a misleading characterisation and suggests that both causes of action should be understood in terms of conditions affecting our intentions. Specifically we should look at the failure of our planning agency, and Michael Bratman’s theory of agency in particular. In cases of mistaken payments we should look at the failure of a background condition to the payment. In such cases to fail to allow recovery is to fail to respect me as an autonomous actor, acting under norms having agential authority for me. In failure of consideration cases the autonomy of the other party is at stake, but we can take this into account by positing not a failure of a condition affecting personal intention, but affecting collective intention. There are different views on what collective intention is and how it should be understood, which may themselves have different implications in terms of the concurrency of mistake and failure of consideration as unjust factors. The paper examines different ways in which collective intentions might fail and how they fit the failure of consideration paradigm.

scholarly journals Profile, Level of Vulnerability and Spatial Pattern of Deforestation in Sulawesi Period of 1990 to 2018

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syamsu Rijal ◽  
Roland A. Barkey ◽  
Nasri ◽  
Munajat Nursaputra
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Planning Agency ◽  
Low Rate ◽  
Observation Period

Deforestation is an event of loss of forest cover to another cover. Sulawesi forests have the potential to be deforested as with Sumatra and Kalimantan. This study aims to provide information on deforestation events in Sulawesi from 1990 to 2018. The data used in this study are (1) land cover in 1990, 2000, 2010; (2) Landsat 8 imagery in 2018; (3) administrative map of BIG in 2018. The methods used are (1) image classification with on-screen digitation techniques following the PPIK land cover classification guidelines, Forestry Planning Agency (2008) using ArcGIS Desktop 10.6 from ESRI; (2) overlapping maps; (3) analysis of deforestation; (4) analysis of deforestation profiles, (5) vulnerability analysis; and (6) analysis of distribution patterns of deforestation. The results showed that the profile of deforestation occurring on Sulawesi Island in the 1990–2018 observation period was dominated by profile 3-1-1 (the proportion of large forest area, the highest incidence of deforestation early stage at the beginning, at a low rate) in 13 districts. The level of vulnerability to deforestation is a non-vulnerable category (37 districts) which is directed to become a priority in handling deforestation in Sulawesi. Spatial patterns of the deforestation that occurred randomly and were scattered are dominated by shrubs, dryland agricultural activities, and small-scale plantations.

Implementation of a paediatric early warning system as a complex health technology intervention

2020 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2020-318795
Author(s):  
Heather Duncan ◽  
Adrienne P Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Complex Interventions ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
National Implementation

The national implementation groups of early warning systems in the UK and Ireland have identified a need to understand implementation, adoption and maintenance of these complex interventions. The literature on how to implement, scale, spread and sustain these systems is sparse. We describe a successful adoption and maintenance over 10 years of a paediatric early warning system as a sociotechnical intervention using the Nonadoption, Abandonment, Challenges to the Scale-Up, Spread, and Sustainability Framework for Health and Care Technologies. The requirement for iterative processes within environment, culture, policy, human action and the wider system context may explain the possible reasons for improved outcomes in small-scale implementation and meta-analyses that are not reported in multicentre randomised control trials of early warning systems.

scholarly journals A Data Augmentation Method for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition with Relative Features

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11481
Author(s):  
Junjie Chen ◽  
Wei Yang ◽  
Chenqi Liu ◽  
Leiyue Yao
Keyword(s):  
Action Recognition ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Human Action Recognition ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
Relative Coordinates ◽  
Augmentation Strategy

In recent years, skeleton-based human action recognition (HAR) approaches using convolutional neural network (CNN) models have made tremendous progress in computer vision applications. However, using relative features to depict human actions, in addition to preventing overfitting when the CNN model is trained on a few samples, is still a challenge. In this paper, a new motion image is introduced to transform spatial-temporal motion information into image-based representations. For each skeleton sequence, three relative features are extracted to describe human actions. The three relative features are consisted of relative coordinates, immediate displacement, and immediate motion orientation. In particular, the relative coordinates introduced in our paper not only depict the spatial relations of human skeleton joints but also provide long-term temporal information. To address the problem of small sample sizes, a data augmentation strategy consisting of three simple but effective data augmentation methods is proposed to expand the training samples. Because the generated color images are small in size, a shallow CNN model is suitable to extract the deep features of the generated motion images. Two small-scale but challenging skeleton datasets were used to evaluate the method, scoring 96.59% and 97.48% on the Florence 3D Actions dataset and UTkinect-Action 3D dataset, respectively. The results show that the proposed method achieved a competitive performance compared with the state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, the augmentation strategy proposed in this paper effectively solves the overfitting problem and can be widely adopted in skeleton-based action recognition.

scholarly journals Endenese Fisheries: Exploratory Findings on Environmental Perceptions, Fish Effort, and Overfishing in Eastern Indonesia

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria C. Ramenzoni
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environmental Perceptions ◽  
Cognitive Representations ◽  
Fishing Fleets

Fishing fleets in South East Asia have recently experienced unprecedented expansion. Consequently, catches and regional diversity have dramatically decreased throughout the Indian Ocean. Regional governments and conservation organizations blame the local fishermen and their use of damaging fishing practices for the present state of resources. However, many of these institutions endorse a narrow perspective on bioeconomic governance and human action (rational action choice) that compromises the understanding of resource use and exploitation among small-scale fisheries. Over the last few decades, there is a growing recognized tradition that points to the importance of ecological systems of knowledge, uncertainty representation, and traditional skills, in conceptualizing processes of environmental decision-making and the likelihood of introducing successful sustainability practices. In line with this perspective, this article presents preliminary findings regarding resource use decision-making processes among Endenese fishing villages in central Flores Island, Indonesia. Grounded on 22 months of ethnographic, experimental and ecological research (semistructured interviews, participant observation, visual surveys, probability and uncertainty assessments), and exploring local cognitive representations of marine processes, climate, ichthyology and the role of luck, this article discusses the current economic representations of small-scale fishers as avid maximizers. It concludes by emphasizing the need to further explore the role of mental models and beliefs regarding uncertainty in motivating fishing effort to design adequate conservation and governance programs. 

Agency, Time, and Sociality

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Bratman
Keyword(s):  
Planning Theory ◽  
Normative Force ◽  
Planning Agency ◽  
Extended Agency ◽  
Shared Intentional Activity ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Intentional Activity

Our planning capacities are a fundamental ground of our capacities for temporally extended agency, shared intentional activity, and self-governance. This is the fecundity of planning agency. This essay explores relations between our planning capacities and this further trio of basic capacities. In particular, a defense of this connection to self-governance involves a development of a Frankfurtian model of self-governance, one that draws on resources from the planning theory of our agency. This connection with self-governance, both at a time and over time, helps explain the normative force of the rationality norms involved in our planning agency. This leads to a sketch of a defense of a norm of intention stability over time, a norm that involves a kind of practical conservatism.

scholarly journals The development of false-belief understanding in Japanese children: Delay and difference?

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Naito ◽  
Kayo Koyama
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Human Action ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Japanese Children ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Situational Cues ◽  
False Belief Understanding ◽  
Full Development ◽  
Transfer Tasks

Three experiments investigated the development of Japanese children’s false-belief understanding. In Experiment 1, children’s mastery of two standard false-belief tasks was considerably later and slower than typically reported, with the full development between 6 and 7 years. Experiments 2 and 3 tested Japanese 6-to 8-year-olds on interpersonal transfer tasks where a relocated item was a person who changed locations with and without their own intention. Children’s judgments on the main character’s belief about this person’s whereabouts were not influenced by the protagonists’ different mental states included in the tasks; children’s justifications referred not to the people’s belief or desire but primarily to their behaviors and social rules. Results suggest that Japanese children show not only a delay in false-belief understanding but a cultural difference in reasoning about human action as attributing it to behavioral and situational cues, rather than to individuals’ mental states.

Reasons to strike first

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Buckner ◽  
Luke Glowacki
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Small Scale

Abstract De Dreu and Gross predict that attackers will have more difficulty winning conflicts than defenders. As their analysis is presumed to capture the dynamics of decentralized conflict, we consider how their framework compares with ethnographic evidence from small-scale societies, as well as chimpanzee patterns of intergroup conflict. In these contexts, attackers have significantly more success in conflict than predicted by De Dreu and Gross's model. We discuss the possible reasons for this disparity.

Exploring Coronal Structures with SOHO

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 403-406
Author(s):  
M. Karovska ◽  
B. Wood ◽  
J. Chen ◽  
J. Cook ◽  
R. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Solar Corona ◽  
Image Enhancement ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejections ◽  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Contrast Structures ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Small Scale Structures ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractWe applied advanced image enhancement techniques to explore in detail the characteristics of the small-scale structures and/or the low contrast structures in several Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) observed by SOHO. We highlight here the results from our studies of the morphology and dynamical evolution of CME structures in the solar corona using two instruments on board SOHO: LASCO and EIT.

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