How to Make Money while Running from the Cops

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.1093/oso/9780192847812.003.0006 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 130-148

Author(s):

Calla Hummel

Keyword(s):

Participant Observation ◽

National Level ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

São Paulo ◽

City Governments ◽

La Paz ◽

Street Vendors ◽

Survey Participant ◽

El Alto ◽

The City

Chapter 6 develops the theory in a comparative context, by adding case studies of organized and unorganized street vendors and the city governments that they interact with in El Alto, Bolivia and two districts in São Paulo, Brazil. The chapter is based on original interview, survey, participant observation, and ethnographic data that was collected during a total of three months in each city over four research trips in 2012, 2014 to 2015, 2018, and 2019. As part of the project, the author briefly sold selfie sticks as a street vendor in a central district of São Paulo in 2015. Comparing the city of La Paz to the neighboring city of El Alto holds many national-level features constant but varies city government enforcement capacity. Comparing two districts in São Paulo to each other and then La Paz and El Alto adds more variation on enforcement capacity. São Paulo, the large, modern metropolis of the region’s richest country, with many employment opportunities, services, stable laws, and a history of labor organizing, should have more organized street vendors than La Paz, according to resource- or political context-based theories of collective action. Instead, only 2 percent of São Paulo’s 100,000 vendors are organized, compared to 75 percent of La Paz’s 60,000. I explain this difference with the interaction between individual resources, official incentives, and local government enforcement capacity.

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Managing Contentious Collective Action

10.1093/oso/9780192847812.003.0005 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 109-129

Author(s):

Calla Hummel

Keyword(s):

Collective Action ◽

Participant Observation ◽

Street Vendor ◽

La Paz ◽

Street Vendors ◽

Street Vending ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Survey Results ◽

The Many ◽

The City

Chapter 5 develops an ethnography of street vendors, their organizations, and the city officials who they interact with in the city of La Paz, Bolivia. The chapter is based on 14 months of ethnographic fieldwork in the city over four research trips in 2012, 2014 to 2015, 2018, and 2019 as well as administrative data on 31,906 street vending licenses in the city. Fieldwork included interviews, participant observation at dozens of meetings between bureaucrats and organized vendors, ride-alongs with the Municipal Guard, a street vendor survey, working as a street vendor in a clothing market, and selling wedding services with a street vendor cooperative. The theory’s observable implications are illustrated with ethnographic evidence, survey results, and license data from La Paz. I discuss how street vending has changed in the city and how officials have intervened in collective action decisions as the informal sector grew. The chapter demonstrates that officials increased benefits to organized vendors as the costs of regulating markets increased. Additionally, the leaders that take advantage of these offers tend to have more resources than their colleagues, and as the offers increased, so did the level of organization among the city’s street vendors. The chapter also discusses the many trade-offs that officials make in implementing different policies, and how officials manage the often combative organizations that they encourage.

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Street Markets in La Paz and São Paulo

10.1093/oso/9780192847812.003.0004 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 85-108

Author(s):

Calla Hummel

Keyword(s):

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

São Paulo ◽

Informal Markets ◽

La Paz ◽

Street Vendors ◽

Street Vending ◽

Incentive Structures ◽

Game Theoretic

Chapter 4 tells the history and structure of street vending in two municipalities in the La Paz department of Bolivia and two districts in the São Paulo state in of Brazil. This chapter demonstrates how officials actively intervene in informal markets and workers’ organizations, and suggests how those interventions vary over time, creating highly structured organizations around La Paz and fleeting organizations around São Paulo. The chapter then develops the specific incentive structures that officials and workers face. Chapter 4 grounds the game theoretic model’s assumptions in observations from street markets in La Paz: It shows that unorganized street vendors create negative externalities, that street vendors approach collective action decisions with a cost–benefit analysis, that officials offer private benefits to organized street vendors, especially leaders, and that once organized, street vendors self-regulate and bargain with officials.

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São Paulo

Urban Studies ◽

10.1093/obo/9780190922481-0035 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Raquel Rolnik ◽

Adriana Marín-Toro ◽

Fernanda Accioly Moreira ◽

Marina Kohler Harkot

Keyword(s):

Virtual Worlds ◽

Economic History ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Metropolitan Region ◽

São Paulo ◽

Shopping Malls ◽

Street Vendors ◽

Social Fabric ◽

Food Trucks ◽

The City

With over twenty million inhabitants, the São Paulo metropolitan region covers 900 square kilometers of urbanized area through thirty-nine municipalities, but its reach goes far beyond its boundaries. Its tentacles are present in distant locations in Brazil, in the continent, and in the whole world. São Paulo’s size and vastness comprise heterogeneous territories and social groups. It is a city connected to both real and virtual worlds of trade; it is an economic power, as well as a cradle for social movements and for Brazilian political leadership. But it is also a divided city crimped by both visible and invisible walls that rip its social fabric into ghettos, fortresses, and slums and besiege its public spaces. To be in the city is to be permanently exposed to its contradictory image of greatness, opulence, and poverty, with carts and armored SUVs, mansions and shacks, shopping malls and street vendors, and fancy food trucks and traditional popcorn sellers. At first glance, São Paulo looks like a fragmented city that does not seem to have originated from any kind of order. The city is in fact a child of chaos, of the wildest and ungoverned competition among individual projects aiming for social rise or simply survival, a product of the dreams of many generations of migrants and immigrants that came to the city seeking opportunities far from home. Urban plans and policy decisions have guided the city’s expansion over time, from the network of trains and trams in the 19th and early 20th centuries to the car-oriented grid of expressways from the 1940s to the present day. The bibliography on São Paulo is vast and has been produced by historians, geographers, architects, sociologists, and political scientists, among other disciplines, but is available mostly in Portuguese. In this selection, an effort was made to choose texts in English (when available), but also to cover essential readings from different disciplines, books or articles that have influenced generations of scholars, studies and authors that are considered classic works, being frequently cited, or, in a very few cases, are opening new paths and visions for the city today. The bibliography is organized by topics, starting with the city’s general and economic history, moving on to the political economy of its process of urbanization, and then covering specific themes.

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A autoadvocacia e a educação sociocomunitária: a pedagogia freireana como norte político de ação visando a efetivação dos direitos dos oprimidos (p. 235-242)

REVISTA DE CIÊNCIAS DA EDUCAÇÃO ◽

10.19091/reced.v1i36.548 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Jessica Aparecida Paulino Freitas

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Community Education ◽

Participant Observation ◽

Paulo Freire ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

São Paulo ◽

Education Community ◽

Low Income Families ◽

La Caridad ◽

The City

A resenha analisa uma obra cujo tema central é um estudo sobre a autoadvocacia, fundamentado na aplicação dessa prática com grupos de famílias de baixa renda “assistidos” por uma instituição filantrópica de matriz espírita, localizada na cidade de Campinas, no Estado São Paulo. Este estudo deu-se, metodologicamente, pela pesquisa qualitativa, na modalidade de observação participante, no período de agosto de 2011 a maio de 2012. O autor usou como base fundamental teórica a pedagogia libertadora de Paulo Freire e os princípios da educação sociocomunitária.Palavras-chave: Direito à igualdade. Justiça social e educação. Educação comunitária. Práxis pedagógica.AbstractThe review analyzes a work whose central theme is a study on self-contradiction, based on the application of this practice to groups of low income families “assisted” by a philanthropic institution with a spiritist base, located in the city of Campinas, São Paulo. This study was methodologically based on qualitative research, in the mode of participant observation, from August 2011 to May 2012. The author used Paulo Freire’s liberating pedagogy and the principles of Sociocommunication Education as a fundamental theoretical basis.Keywords: Right to equality. Social justice and education. Community education. Pedagogical praxis.ResumenLa resenha analiza una obra cuyo tema central es un estudio sobre la autoadvocacia, basado en la aplicación de esta práctica con grupos de familias de bajos ingresos “asistidos” por una sede de la caridad espiritualista situado en Campinas, Sao Paulo. Este estudio se llevó a cabo, metodológicamente, la investigación cualitativa, el modo de observación participante, de agosto de 2011 a mayo de 2012. El autor utiliza como base fundamental teórico para la liberación de la pedagogía de Paulo Freire y los principios de la educación socio-comunitaria.Palabras clave: Derecho a la igualdad. La justicia social y la educación. Educación de la comunidad. Praxis pedagógica.

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Seasonal Variation of Suicide in the City of São Paulo, Brazil, 1996–2010

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000222 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 5-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Daniel Hideki Bando ◽

Fernando Madalena Volpe

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Total Sample ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Seasonal Patterns ◽

São Paulo ◽

Health Statistics ◽

Males And Females ◽

June July ◽

The City ◽

Over Time

Background: In light of the few reports from intertropical latitudes and their conflicting results, we aimed to replicate and update the investigation of seasonal patterns of suicide occurrences in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Data relating to male and female suicides were extracted from the Mortality Information Enhancement Program (PRO-AIM), the official health statistics of the municipality of São Paulo. Seasonality was assessed by studying distribution of suicides over time using cosinor analyses. Results: There were 6,916 registered suicides (76.7% men), with an average of 39.0 ± 7.0 observed suicides per month. For the total sample and for both sexes, cosinor analysis estimated a significant seasonal pattern. For the total sample and for males suicide peaked in November (late spring) with a trough in May–June (late autumn). For females, the estimated peak occurred in January, and the trough in June–July. Conclusions: A seasonal pattern of suicides was found for both males and females, peaking in spring/summer and dipping in fall/winter. The scarcity of reports from intertropical latitudes warrants promoting more studies in this area.

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Reaching Out to the Needy? Access to Justice and Public Attorneys’ Role in Right to Health Litigation in the City of Sao Paulo

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.2165209 ◽

2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel Wang ◽

Octavio Luiz Motta Ferraz

Keyword(s):

Right To Health ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Access To Justice ◽

São Paulo ◽

The City ◽

The Needy

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AEROSOLS OBSERVATIONS BY AN ELASTIC LIDAR SYSTEM OVER THE CITY OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

Journal of Aerosol Science ◽

10.1016/s0021-8502(21)00186-5 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 407-408

Author(s):

E. LANDULFO ◽

A. PAPAYANNIS ◽

A. ZANARDI DE FREITAS ◽

M.P.P.. M. JORGE ◽

N.D. VIEIRA JÚNIOR

Keyword(s):

Sao Paulo ◽

São Paulo ◽

Lidar System ◽

The City

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The Impact of COVID-19 on Urban Agriculture in São Paulo, Brazil

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13116185 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 6185

Author(s):

André Ruoppolo Biazoti ◽

Angélica Campos Nakamura ◽

Gustavo Nagib ◽

Vitória Oliveira Pereira de Souza Leão ◽

Giulia Giacchè ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Agriculture ◽

Technical Assistance ◽

Community Gardens ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Food Chains ◽

São Paulo ◽

Sales Channels ◽

Paulo State ◽

The Impact ◽

The City

During the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic, farmers worldwide were greatly affected by disruptions in the food chain. In 2020, São Paulo city experienced most of the effects of the pandemic in Brazil, with 15,587 deaths through December 2020. Here, we describe the impacts of COVID-19 on urban agriculture (UA) in São Paulo from April to August 2020. We analyzed two governmental surveys of 2100 farmers from São Paulo state and 148 from São Paulo city and two qualitative surveys of volunteers from ten community gardens and seven urban farmers. Our data showed that 50% of the farmers were impacted by the pandemic with drops in sales, especially those that depended on intermediaries. Some farmers in the city adapted to novel sales channels, but 22% claimed that obtaining inputs became difficult. No municipal support was provided to UA in São Paulo, and pre-existing issues were exacerbated. Work on community gardens decreased, but no garden permanently closed. Post COVID-19, UA will have the challenge of maintaining local food chains established during the pandemic. Due to the increase in the price of inputs and the lack of technical assistance, governmental efforts should be implemented to support UA.

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