Neuroimaging Studies

Remembering ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 217-232
Author(s):  
Fergus I. M. Craik
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Good Memory ◽  
The Past ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Pet Scanning ◽  
Strong Relation ◽  
Processing Resources

This short chapter first describes studies using PET scanning and fMRI imaging carried out by the author in collaboration with colleagues over the past 25 years. The main purpose of the chapter is to assess the extent to which current work on neuroimaging is compatible with the findings and ideas derived from the cognitive experiments described in previous chapters. The questions asked include: What are the neural correlates of deeper processing, and does the neuroimaging evidence illuminate the reasons for the strong relation between semantic processing and good memory? Is there evidence to support the proposal that retrieval processes recapitulate encoding processes? Is the similarity between perception and memory borne out at the neural level? How does novelty affect memory, and is there a conflict between the claims that both novel and familiar experiences are associated with good levels of recollection? What exactly are processing resources at the neural level? And, finally, how does the author’s emphasis on remembering as an activity square with the evidence from neuroimaging studies?

An Enquiry into the Process of Categorization of Pictures and Words

2003 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhubalan Viswanathan ◽  
Terry L. Childers
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
The Past ◽  
Word Categorization ◽  
Multiple Routes ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Pictures And Words ◽  
Salient Features

This paper reports a series of experiments conducted to study the categorization of pictures and words. Whereas some studies reported in the past have found a picture advantage in categorization, other studies have yielded no differences between pictures and words This paper used an experimental paradigm designed to overcome some methodological problems to examine picture-word categorization. The results of one experiment were consistent with an advantage for pictures in categorization. To identify the source of the picture advantage in categorization, two more experiments were conducted. Findings suggest that semantic relatedness may play an important role in the categorization of both pictures and words. We explain these findings by suggesting that pictures simultaneously access both their concept and visually salient features whereas words may initially access their concept and may subsequently activate features. Therefore, pictures have an advantage in categorization by offering multiple routes to semantic processing.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Temporal Presentness in the Precuneus: A Cross-linguistic fMRI Study based on Speech Stimuli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Tang ◽  
Toshimitsu Takahashi ◽  
Tamami Shimada ◽  
Masayuki Komachi ◽  
Noriko Imanishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Temporal Discrimination ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Verb Tense ◽  
Japanese English

Abstract The position of any event in time could be in the present, past, or future. This temporal discrimination is vitally important in our daily conversations, but it remains elusive how the human brain distinguishes among the past, present, and future. To address this issue, we searched for neural correlates of presentness, pastness, and futurity, each of which is automatically evoked when we hear sentences such as “it is raining now,” “it rained yesterday,” or “it will rain tomorrow.” Here, we show that sentences that evoked “presentness” activated the bilateral precuneus more strongly than those that evoked “pastness” or “futurity.” Interestingly, this contrast was shared across native speakers of Japanese, English, and Chinese languages, which vary considerably in their verb tense systems. The results suggest that the precuneus serves as a key region that provides the origin (that is, the Now) of our time perception irrespective of differences in tense systems across languages.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of victimization in psychosis: differences in brain response to angry faces

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth C. D. van der Stouwe ◽  
Jooske T. van Busschbach ◽  
Esther M. Opmeer ◽  
Bertine de Vries ◽  
Jan-Bernard C. Marsman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Sensorimotor Network ◽  
The Past ◽  
Regional Brain ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Individuals with psychosis are at an increased risk of victimization. Processing of facial expressions has been suggested to be associated with victimization in this patient group. Especially processing of angry expressions may be relevant in the context of victimization. Therefore, differences in brain activation and connectivity between victimized and nonvictimized patients during processing of angry faces were investigated. Thirty-nine patients, of whom nineteen had experienced threats, assaults, or sexual violence in the past 5 years, underwent fMRI scanning, during which they viewed angry and neutral facial expressions. Using general linear model (GLM) analyses, generalized psychophysiological (gPPI) analysis and independent component analyses (ICA) differences in brain activation and connectivity between groups in response to angry faces were investigated. Whereas differences in regional brain activation GLM and gPPI analyses yielded no differences between groups, ICA revealed more deactivation of the sensorimotor network in victimized participants. Deactivation of the sensorimotor network in response to angry faces in victimized patients, might indicate a freeze reaction to threatening stimuli, previously observed in traumatized individuals.

scholarly journals Action in cognition: The case of language

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence J. Taylor ◽  
Rolf A. Zwaan
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Unique Element ◽  
Conceptual Representation ◽  
Motor Processes ◽  
Motor Recruitment ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

AbstractEmpirical research has shown that the processing of words and sentences is accompanied by activation of the brain's motor system in language users. The degree of precision observed in this activation seems to be contingent upon (1) the meaning of a linguistic construction and (2) the depth with which readers process that construction. In addition, neurological evidence shows a correspondence between a disruption in the neural correlates of overt action and the disruption of semantic processing of language about action. These converging lines of evidence can be taken to support the hypotheses that motor processes (1) are recruited to understand language that focuses on actions and (2) contribute a unique element to conceptual representation. This article explores the role of this motor recruitment in language comprehension. It concludes that extant findings are consistent with the theorized existence of multimodal, embodied representations of the referents of words and the meaning carried by language. Further, an integrative conceptualization of “fault tolerant comprehension” is proposed.

scholarly journals Differential prefrontal–temporal neural correlates of semantic processing in children

2006 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrike K. Blumenfeld ◽  
James R. Booth ◽  
Douglas D. Burman
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Neural Correlates

Are all the triangles blue? – ERP evidence for the incremental processing of German quantifier restriction

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETRA AUGURZKY ◽  
OLIVER BOTT ◽  
WOLFGANG STERNEFELD ◽  
ROLF ULRICH
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Context Information ◽  
Late Positivity ◽  
Incremental Processing ◽  
Compositional Semantic ◽  
Quantifier Restriction

abstractThe present ERP study investigates the neural correlates of pictorial context effects on compositional-semantic processing. We examined whether the incremental processing of questions involving quantifier restriction is modulated by the reliability of pictorial information. Contexts either allowed for an unambiguous meaning evaluation at an early sentential position or were ambiguous with respect to whether a further restrictive cue could trigger later meaning revisions. Attention was either guided towards (Experiment 1) or away from (Experiment 2) the picture–question mapping. In both experiments, negative answers elicited a broadly distributed negativity opposed to affirmative answers as soon as an unambiguous truth evaluation was possible. In the presence of ambiguous context information, the truth evaluation initially remained underspecified, as an early commitment would have resulted in the risk of a semantic reanalysis. The negativity was followed by a late positivity in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2, suggesting that attention towards the mismatch affected semantic processing, but only at a later time window. The current results are consistent with the notion that an incremental meaning evaluation is dependent on the reliability of contextual information.

scholarly journals The neural correlates of the body-object interaction effect in semantic processing

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian S. Hargreaves ◽  
Gemma A. Leonard ◽  
Penny M. Pexman ◽  
Daniel J. Pittman ◽  
Paul D. Siakaluk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
The Body ◽  
Object Interaction

scholarly journals Special broadcast programmes

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-101
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Current Work ◽  
British Broadcasting Corporation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Opening Ceremony ◽  
Home Service ◽  
Biological Development ◽  
The Individual

The British Broadcasting Corporation marked the occasion of the Tercentenary by a number of broadcasts in television and sound. The proceedings in the Royal Albert Hall on 19 July were televised, and a recording of the Tercentenary Address was broadcast in the Home Service in the evening. A recording of the Address and a commentary on the Opening Ceremony was broadcast in the General Overseas Service. On the evening of 19 July at 9.15 p.m. His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh, F.R.S., introduced a special Tercentenary programme in B.B.C. Television. In it four other Fellows—Professor E. N. da C. Andrade, Sir John Cockcroft, Professor A. C. B. Lovell, and Professor C. F. A. Pantin— recalled the advance of science over the past three centuries. From April to July i960 the B.B.C. televised two important series to mark the Tercentenary. Eye on Research , a weekly series of nine outside broadcast programmes, showed the current work of some of the Fellows of the Royal Society. This was followed by six programmes entitled Life Before Birth , dealing with the biological development of the individual and showing the work of more than twenty leading scientists, many of them Fellows of the Royal Society.

scholarly journals The neural correlates of reference to the past

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bos Laura ◽  
Wartenburger Isabell ◽  
Ries Jan ◽  
Bastiaanse Roelien
Keyword(s):  
Neural Correlates ◽  
The Past

scholarly journals All together now: Simultaneous feature integration and feature retrieval in action control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birte Moeller ◽  
Christian Frings
Keyword(s):  
Human Action ◽  
Action Control ◽  
Feature Integration ◽  
Probe Design ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
The Past ◽  
Significant Stimulus ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Design Integration ◽  
Probe Response

AbstractAccounts of human action control assume integration of stimulus and response features at response execution and, upon repetition of some of those features, retrieval of other previously integrated features. Even though both processes contribute sequentially to observed binding effects in studies using a sequential prime-probe design, integration and retrieval processes theoretically affect human action simultaneously. That is, every action that we execute leads to bindings between features of stimuli and responses, while at the same time these features also trigger retrieval of other previously integrated features. Nevertheless, the paradigms used to measure binding effects in action control can only testify for integration of stimulus and response features at the first (R1, n-1, or prime) and retrieval of the past event via feature repetition at the second (R2, n, or probe) response. Here we combined two paradigms used in the action control literature to show that integration and retrieval do indeed function simultaneously. We found both significant stimulus-response and significant response-response binding effects, indicating that integration of responses must have occurred at the same time as response retrieval due to feature repetition and vice versa.

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