scholarly journals The neural correlates of reference to the past

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bos Laura ◽  
Wartenburger Isabell ◽  
Ries Jan ◽  
Bastiaanse Roelien
Keyword(s):  
Neural Correlates ◽  
The Past

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Temporal Presentness in the Precuneus: A Cross-linguistic fMRI Study based on Speech Stimuli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Tang ◽  
Toshimitsu Takahashi ◽  
Tamami Shimada ◽  
Masayuki Komachi ◽  
Noriko Imanishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Temporal Discrimination ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Verb Tense ◽  
Japanese English

Abstract The position of any event in time could be in the present, past, or future. This temporal discrimination is vitally important in our daily conversations, but it remains elusive how the human brain distinguishes among the past, present, and future. To address this issue, we searched for neural correlates of presentness, pastness, and futurity, each of which is automatically evoked when we hear sentences such as “it is raining now,” “it rained yesterday,” or “it will rain tomorrow.” Here, we show that sentences that evoked “presentness” activated the bilateral precuneus more strongly than those that evoked “pastness” or “futurity.” Interestingly, this contrast was shared across native speakers of Japanese, English, and Chinese languages, which vary considerably in their verb tense systems. The results suggest that the precuneus serves as a key region that provides the origin (that is, the Now) of our time perception irrespective of differences in tense systems across languages.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of victimization in psychosis: differences in brain response to angry faces

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth C. D. van der Stouwe ◽  
Jooske T. van Busschbach ◽  
Esther M. Opmeer ◽  
Bertine de Vries ◽  
Jan-Bernard C. Marsman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Sensorimotor Network ◽  
The Past ◽  
Regional Brain ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Individuals with psychosis are at an increased risk of victimization. Processing of facial expressions has been suggested to be associated with victimization in this patient group. Especially processing of angry expressions may be relevant in the context of victimization. Therefore, differences in brain activation and connectivity between victimized and nonvictimized patients during processing of angry faces were investigated. Thirty-nine patients, of whom nineteen had experienced threats, assaults, or sexual violence in the past 5 years, underwent fMRI scanning, during which they viewed angry and neutral facial expressions. Using general linear model (GLM) analyses, generalized psychophysiological (gPPI) analysis and independent component analyses (ICA) differences in brain activation and connectivity between groups in response to angry faces were investigated. Whereas differences in regional brain activation GLM and gPPI analyses yielded no differences between groups, ICA revealed more deactivation of the sensorimotor network in victimized participants. Deactivation of the sensorimotor network in response to angry faces in victimized patients, might indicate a freeze reaction to threatening stimuli, previously observed in traumatized individuals.

Neuroimaging Studies

Remembering ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 217-232
Author(s):  
Fergus I. M. Craik
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Good Memory ◽  
The Past ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Pet Scanning ◽  
Strong Relation ◽  
Processing Resources

This short chapter first describes studies using PET scanning and fMRI imaging carried out by the author in collaboration with colleagues over the past 25 years. The main purpose of the chapter is to assess the extent to which current work on neuroimaging is compatible with the findings and ideas derived from the cognitive experiments described in previous chapters. The questions asked include: What are the neural correlates of deeper processing, and does the neuroimaging evidence illuminate the reasons for the strong relation between semantic processing and good memory? Is there evidence to support the proposal that retrieval processes recapitulate encoding processes? Is the similarity between perception and memory borne out at the neural level? How does novelty affect memory, and is there a conflict between the claims that both novel and familiar experiences are associated with good levels of recollection? What exactly are processing resources at the neural level? And, finally, how does the author’s emphasis on remembering as an activity square with the evidence from neuroimaging studies?

Functional Neuroimaging in Empirical Aesthetics and Neuroaesthetics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Ishizu
Keyword(s):  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Contextual Effect ◽  
Art Appreciation ◽  
Aesthetic Experiences ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Brain

Functional neuroimaging refers to methods used to non-invasively visualize neural activity in the brain in relation to specific experimental variables. Over the past 15 years, functional neuroimaging has begun to provide novel findings on the neurobiology of our aesthetic activities and art appreciation. This chapter provides a review of functional neuroimaging studies, especially using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), on a range of aesthetic experiences and evaluations and their neural correlates. It describes an overview of a number of core brain structures and networks engaged in aesthetic activities, together with general functions of each of the brain regions. It then discusses recent advancements in neuroaesthetics including an investigation into cross-cultural aspects, abstraction of beauty, a contextual effect on aesthetic evaluations, and new analysis techniques.

Probing the Neural Correlates of Number Processing

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Knops
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Number System ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Approximate Number System ◽  
Numerical Information ◽  
The Past ◽  
Code Model ◽  
Human Neuroimaging

The cognitive and neural mechanisms that enable humans to encode and manipulate numerical information have been subject to an increasing number of experimental studies over the past 25 years or so. Here, I highlight recent findings about how numerical information is neurally coded, focusing on the theoretical implications derived from the most influential theoretical framework in numerical cognition—the Triple Code Model. At the core of this model is the assumption that bilateral parietal cortex hosts an approximate number system that codes for the cardinal value of perceived numerals. I will review studies that ask whether or not the numerical coding within this system is invariant to varying input notation, format, or modality, and whether or not the observed parietal activity is number-specific over and above the parietal involvement in response-related processes. Extant computational models of numerosity (the number of objects in a set) perception are summarized and related to empirical data from human neuroimaging and monkey neurophysiology.

scholarly journals Neurobiological and Ecological Correlates of Avian Innovation

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 955-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Nicolas Audet
Keyword(s):  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scale Evaluation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Current Context

Synopsis In the wild, particularly in rapidly changing conditions, being capable of solving new problems can increase an animal’s chances of survival and reproduction. In the current context of widespread habitat destruction and increasing urbanization, innovativeness might be a crucial trait. In the past few decades, birds have proven to be a model taxon for the study of innovation, thanks to the abundant literature on avian innovation reports. Innovation databases in birds have been successfully employed to assess associations between innovativeness and other traits such as invasion success, life history, generalism, and brain encephalization. In order to more directly assess the causes of variation in innovation, a complementary approach consists in measuring innovativeness in wild-caught animals using problem-solving tasks that mimic innovations in the field. This method can allow for finer scale evaluation of ecological and neural correlates of innovation. Here, I review some of the most important findings on the correlates of innovation, with a particular focus on neural ones. I conclude by discussing avenues for future research, which I suggest should focus on neurobiology.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of temporal presentness in the precuneus: a crosslinguistic fMRI study based on speech stimuli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Tang ◽  
Toshimitsu Takahashi ◽  
Tamami Shimada ◽  
Masayuki Komachi ◽  
Noriko Imanishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Temporal Discrimination ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Verb Tense ◽  
Japanese English

AbstractsThe position of any event in time could be either present, past, or future. This temporal discrimination is vitally important in our daily conversations, but it remains elusive how the human brain distinguishes among the past, present, and future. To address this issue, we searched for neural correlates of presentness, pastness, and futurity, each of which is automatically evoked when we hear sentences such as ‘it is raining now’, ‘it rained yesterday’, or ‘it will rain tomorrow’. Here, we show that sentences that evoked ‘presentness’ activated the bilateral precuneus more strongly than those that evoked ‘pastness’ or ‘futurity’. Interestingly, this contrast was shared across native speakers of Japanese, English, and Chinese, languages which vary considerably in their verb tense systems. The results suggest that the precuneus serves as a key region that provides the origin, the Now, to our time perception irrespective of differences in tense systems across languages.

Neural Origins of Self-Generated Thought

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran C.R. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Mental Content ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Epilepsy ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
The Brain

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has begun to narrow down the neural correlates of self-generated forms of thought, with current evidence pointing toward central roles for the default, frontoparietal, and visual networks. Recent work has linked the arising of thoughts more specifically to default network activity, but the limited temporal resolution of fMRI has precluded more detailed conclusions about where in the brain self-created mental content is generated and how this is achieved. This chapter argues that the unparalleled spatiotemporal resolution of intracranial electrophysiology (iEEG) in human epilepsy patients can begin to provide answers to questions about the specific neural origins of self-generated thought. The chapter reviews the extensive body of literature from iEEG studies over the past few decades and shows that many studies involving passive recording or direct electrical stimulation throughout the brain point to the medial temporal lobe as a key site of thought-generation.

scholarly journals The multilevel memory–reward coactivation framework of nostalgia: a literature review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Oba ◽  
Motoaki Sugiura
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
Multilevel Memory

Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for the past, has attracted attention in the fields of psychology and marketing in recent years. Although these studies have identified what nostalgia is, including its triggers and functions, the question of how nostalgia is induced remains unanswered. In this article, we review existing psychological models and recent neuroimaging studies that have investigated the neural correlates of nostalgia and propose a provisional framework of nostalgia induction. The multilevel memory‒reward coactivation framework expects that different types of autobiographical memory (AM), such as episodic AM and semantic AM, activate the associated mesolimbic reward system. This framework also assumes a working self, a complex set of active goals and associated self-images, which enables us to explain individual differences in nostalgia experience by influencing what is remembered and how the retrieved information is evaluated. This framework is advantageous in that it can integrate existing psychological models into one model and can explain individual differences in nostalgia that are important for the use of nostalgia, especially in clinical situations.

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