scholarly journals All together now: Simultaneous feature integration and feature retrieval in action control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birte Moeller ◽  
Christian Frings
Keyword(s):  
Human Action ◽  
Action Control ◽  
Feature Integration ◽  
Probe Design ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
The Past ◽  
Significant Stimulus ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Design Integration ◽  
Probe Response

AbstractAccounts of human action control assume integration of stimulus and response features at response execution and, upon repetition of some of those features, retrieval of other previously integrated features. Even though both processes contribute sequentially to observed binding effects in studies using a sequential prime-probe design, integration and retrieval processes theoretically affect human action simultaneously. That is, every action that we execute leads to bindings between features of stimuli and responses, while at the same time these features also trigger retrieval of other previously integrated features. Nevertheless, the paradigms used to measure binding effects in action control can only testify for integration of stimulus and response features at the first (R1, n-1, or prime) and retrieval of the past event via feature repetition at the second (R2, n, or probe) response. Here we combined two paradigms used in the action control literature to show that integration and retrieval do indeed function simultaneously. We found both significant stimulus-response and significant response-response binding effects, indicating that integration of responses must have occurred at the same time as response retrieval due to feature repetition and vice versa.

scholarly journals Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (33) ◽  
pp. 8252-8259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Steffen ◽  
Johan Rockström ◽  
Katherine Richardson ◽  
Timothy M. Lenton ◽  
Carl Folke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Earth System ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Potential Threshold

We explore the risk that self-reinforcing feedbacks could push the Earth System toward a planetary threshold that, if crossed, could prevent stabilization of the climate at intermediate temperature rises and cause continued warming on a “Hothouse Earth” pathway even as human emissions are reduced. Crossing the threshold would lead to a much higher global average temperature than any interglacial in the past 1.2 million years and to sea levels significantly higher than at any time in the Holocene. We examine the evidence that such a threshold might exist and where it might be. If the threshold is crossed, the resulting trajectory would likely cause serious disruptions to ecosystems, society, and economies. Collective human action is required to steer the Earth System away from a potential threshold and stabilize it in a habitable interglacial-like state. Such action entails stewardship of the entire Earth System—biosphere, climate, and societies—and could include decarbonization of the global economy, enhancement of biosphere carbon sinks, behavioral changes, technological innovations, new governance arrangements, and transformed social values.

The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past 300 Years

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 401
Author(s):  
A. S. Goudie ◽  
B. L. Turner II ◽  
W. C. Clark ◽  
R. W. Kates ◽  
J. F. Richards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Action ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Past 300 Years

The creation of humanised landscapes

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Williams
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Ecology ◽  
Historical Geography ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Geography ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Subjective Meaning ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Historical Element

The historical element and human action are implicit in the idea of the landscape. Such combinations, in various guises, often go under the name of historical geography. More latterly, the meaning of ‘history’, in its broadest sense, has been scrutinised closely because of the implicit subjective meaning embedded in any account of the past. Within geography, one of the earliest and most distinctive contributions to humanised landscapes came from the ‘Aberystwyth School’ of historically oriented human geography, which had an emphasis on anthropology and human ecology, and the western parts of Britain. As the l930s wore on, two figures emerged who were to dominate the debate about history in geography — Carl O. Sauer in the United States and H. C. Darby in Britain. There are basically two approaches to understanding past humanised landscapes — the reconstruction of these landscapes from consistent and comprehensive sources, and the mapping of relict features. Increasingly, both approaches combine history, archaeology, palaeobotany, and other disciplines.

scholarly journals Neural Priming in Human Frontal Cortex: Multiple Forms of Learning Reduce Demands on the Prefrontal Executive System

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1766-1781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Race ◽  
Shanti Shanker ◽  
Anthony D. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
The Past ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Human Frontal Cortex ◽  
Executive System ◽  
Stimulus Classification

Past experience is hypothesized to reduce computational demands in PFC by providing bottom–up predictive information that informs subsequent stimulus-action mapping. The present fMRI study measured cortical activity reductions (“neural priming”/“repetition suppression”) during repeated stimulus classification to investigate the mechanisms through which learning from the past decreases demands on the prefrontal executive system. Manipulation of learning at three levels of representation—stimulus, decision, and response—revealed dissociable neural priming effects in distinct frontotemporal regions, supporting a multiprocess model of neural priming. Critically, three distinct patterns of neural priming were identified in lateral frontal cortex, indicating that frontal computational demands are reduced by three forms of learning: (a) cortical tuning of stimulus-specific representations, (b) retrieval of learned stimulus-decision mappings, and (c) retrieval of learned stimulus-response mappings. The topographic distribution of these neural priming effects suggests a rostrocaudal organization of executive function in lateral frontal cortex.

scholarly journals Everyday robotic action: lessons from human action control

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy de Kleijn ◽  
George Kachergis ◽  
Bernhard Hommel
Keyword(s):  
Human Action ◽  
Action Control

scholarly journals Reconstructive Habits: John Dewey on Human Functioning

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-24
Author(s):  
David Jaitner
Keyword(s):  
John Dewey ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Basic Category ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Human Conduct ◽  
Human Functioning ◽  
Key Concepts

The academic strife to parse, investigate and adjust human functioning establishes varieties of at least three key concepts: behavior, action, activity. Depending on the general approach chosen, human functioning is therefore defined in a certain way and in a certain understanding of freedom. Within this paper, the pragmatist considerations of John Dewey (1859-1952) offer a sophisticatedly formulated theory of human functioning that, undoubtedly, takes action-theoretical paths but formulates underlying assumptions in a significantly unusual way. The main focus is to outline the theory in such a way that clearly shows the unusual as part of the usual and the usual as part of the unusual. For this purpose, the first section defines action as the basic category of Deweyan human functioning where sensory stimuli, registering elements and motor responses play a leading role, but according to Dewey questions the today still popular model of behaviorist psychology, that positions isolated and a-cultural stimulus-response-procedures in the human organism. The second section affirms the theoretical inclusion of deliberative elements that constitute human action, but according to Dewey witnesses their substantial and rather sporadic significance in a predominantly habitual human functioning. The conclusive section outlines the possibilities and limits of transforming habitually inured patterns of human conduct by means of reconstructive habits.

scholarly journals Past - present - future: the revitalization of social housing in Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann Sinclair Atterbury
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Waiting List ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Sustainable Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Design Integration ◽  
And Function

There is an urgent need to provide, maintain and revitalize social housing in Canada. Statistics show that an alarming percentage of Toronto's population lives in poverty. 71,000 families are currently on the social-housing waiting list and 150,000 to 300,000 Canadians are homeless. This research provides a critical analysis of the past and existing issues surrounding the design and function of social housing communities. In response to the issues outlined, this study identifies a need for the design of mixed-activity, 'integrated neighbourhoods' rather than isolated social housing schemes. The thesis proposes an architectural solution that draws on five guiding principles (modes of integration) of design. Integration of movement, open spaces, physical structures, social integration, and integrated sustainable systems were the five categories used to examine the level of intervention necessary for the revitalization of a selected site; Alexandra Park, Toronto, Canada.

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