Recapitulation

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Probabilistic Reasoning ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Conceptual Role ◽  
Present Book ◽  
Prima Facie Reason ◽  
Ultimate Objective ◽  
Epistemological Framework

The purpose of this book is to clarify probability concepts and analyze the structure of probabilistic reasoning. The intent is to give an account that is precise enough to actually be useful in philosophy, decision theory, and statistics. An ultimate objective will be to implement the theory of probabilistic reasoning in a computer program that models human probabilistic reasoning. The result will be an AI system that is capable of doing sophisticated scientific reasoning. However, that takes us beyond the scope of the present book. The purpose of this chapter is to give a brief restatement of the main points of the theory of nomic probability and provide an assessment of its accomplishments. The theory of nomic probability has a parsimonious basis. This consists of two sets of principles. First, there are the epistemic principles (A3) and (D3):(A3) If F is projectible with respect to G and r > .5, then ┌prob(F/G) > r┐ is a prima facie reason for the conditional ┌Gc ⊃ Fc┐, the strength of the reason depending upon the value of r. (D3) If F is projectible with respect to H then ┌Hc & prob(F/G&H) < prob(F/G) ┐ is an undercutting defeater for rprob(F/G) > r┐ as a prima facie reason for ┌Gc ⊃ Fc┐. Second, there are some computational principles that generate a calculus of nomic probabilities. These principles jointly constitute the conceptual role of the concept of nomic probability and are the basic principles from which the entire theory of nomic probability follows. The epistemic principles presuppose a prior epistemological framework governing the interaction of prima facie reasons and defeaters. Certain aspects of that framework play an important role in the theory of nomic probability. For example, the principle of collective defeat is used recurrently throughout the book. The details of the epistemological framework are complicated, but they are not specific to the theory of probability. They are part of general epistemology. The computational principles are formulated in terms of what some will regard as an extravagant ontology of sets of possible objects and possible worlds. It is important to realize that this ontology need not be taken seriously.

Advanced Topics: Defeasible Reasoning

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Probabilistic Reasoning ◽  
Present Theory ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Defeasible Reasoning ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Prima Facie Reason

The principal novelty this book brings to probability theory is a sophisticated epistemology accommodating defeasible reasoning. It is this that makes the theory of nomic probability possible. Earlier theories lacked the conceptual framework of prima facie reasons and defeaters, and hence were unable to adequately formulate principles of probabilistic reasoning. Thus far, the book has relied upon a loosely formulated account of the structure of defeasible reasoning, but that must be tightened up before the theory can be implemented. This chapter gives a more rigorous account of defeasible reasoning and compares the present theory with some related work in AI. Reasoning begins from various kinds of inputs, which for convenience I will suppose to be encoded in beliefs. Crudely put, reasoning proceeds in terms of reasons. Reasons are strung together into arguments and in this way the conclusions of the arguments become justified. The general notion of a reason can be defined as follows: (2.1) A set of propositions {P1,...,Pn} is a reason for S to believe Q if and only if it is logically possible for S to be justified in believing Q on the basis of believing P1, ...,Pn. There are two kinds of reasons-defeasible and nondefeasible. Nondefeasible reasons are those reasons that logically entail their conclusions. For instance, (P&Q) is a nondefeasible reason for P. Such reasons are conclusive reasons. P is a defeasible reason for Q just in case P is a reason for Q, but it is possible to add additional information that undermines the justificatory connection. Such reasons are called ‘prima facie reasons’. This notion can be defined more precisely as follows: (2.2) P is a prima facie reason for S to believe Q if and only if P is a reason for S to believe Q and there is an R such that R is logically consistent with P but (P&R) is not a reason for S to believe Q.

scholarly journals Who’s Afraid of Adversariality? Conflict and Cooperation in Argumentation

Topoi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Dutilh Novaes
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Consensus Building ◽  
Conflict And Cooperation ◽  
Contextual Features

AbstractSince at least the 1980s, the role of adversariality in argumentation has been extensively discussed within different domains. Prima facie, there seem to be two extreme positions on this issue: argumentation should (ideally at least) never be adversarial, as we should always aim for cooperative argumentative engagement; argumentation should be and in fact is always adversarial, given that adversariality (when suitably conceptualized) is an intrinsic property of argumentation. I here defend the view that specific instances of argumentation are (and should be) adversarial or cooperative to different degrees. What determines whether an argumentative situation should be primarily adversarial or primarily cooperative are contextual features and background conditions external to the argumentative situation itself, in particular the extent to which the parties involved have prior conflicting or else convergent interests. To further develop this claim, I consider three teloi that are frequently associated with argumentation: the epistemic telos, the consensus-building telos, and the conflict management telos. I start with a brief discussion of the concepts of adversariality, cooperation, and conflict in general. I then sketch the main lines of the debates in the recent literature on adversariality in argumentation. Next, I discuss the three teloi of argumentation listed above in turn, emphasizing the roles of adversariality and cooperation for each of them.

scholarly journals CAN RAINMAKERS JUSTIFY THEIR PAY? THE ROLE OF INVESTMENT BANKS IN REIT M&AS

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-266
Author(s):  
Weiwei Zhang ◽  
Tiezhu Sun ◽  
Patrick Han Lin Goh ◽  
Zilong Wang ◽  
Nick Mansley
Keyword(s):  
Event Study ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Abnormal Return ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Investment Banks ◽  
Cumulative Abnormal Return ◽  
Event Study Method ◽  
Contemporary Practice ◽  
The Prestige

This study explicitly rejects the prima facie proposition that the top-tier investment banks are capable of delivering supernormal value creation to the shareholders of a REIT acquirer in a corporate acquisition. Using the event study method, we find that REIT acquirers advised by market-leading investment banks suffer an average cumulative abnormal return of −4.41% following the M&A announcement, whereas REIT acquirers advised by non-top-tier investment banks only suffer an average cumulative abnormal return of −1.49%. The evidence shows that the contemporary practice of employing investment banks based on the prestige of the advisory firms could potentially result in value-destroying M&As for the REIT acquirers.

scholarly journals The Role of Experimenting with the Human Voice in Film Music in the Representation of the Human/Alien Divide: the Case of Arrival (2016)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Nicolás Medina ◽  
Miklós Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Film Music ◽  
Human Voice ◽  
Emotional Dimension ◽  
Creative Space

Abstract This article focuses on the musical dimension of experimentation in the creative space of science fiction film, concerning its uncanny, new and fantastic places, and otherworldly encounters within fictional, but possible worlds. The aim is to consider the function and potential of the audible – to examine how sound is used in the filmic exploration of the boundaries between the human and the alien (the unknown). More particularly, we are interested in the role that human voice-like and human vocal sounds can play in this divide, as we believe manipulations with such audible qualities contribute greatly to the emotional dimension of cinematic stories of otherworldly encounters. For that purpose, we concentrate on Denis Villeneuve’s Arrival (2016) and its soundtrack composed by Jóhann Jóhannsson, who resorts to different singing practices and vocal techniques to accompany a story charting the territories between the human and the alien.

scholarly journals The Results Presentation of The Test Plants As A Natural Indicator of The Test Compounds of The Acid-Base Balance In the Teaching Materials of The Atlas to Train Scientific Reasoning Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 354-364
Author(s):  
Raddina Aprilia Putri ◽  
Endang Susantini ◽  
Titik Taufikurohmah
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Probabilistic Reasoning ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Theoretical Reasoning

The type of research applied in this research is Research and Development. The development model used is Dick and Carrey. The purpose of this research and development is to design an Atlas and apply it to train the students' scientific reasoning abilities. Atlas is a teaching materials developed and applied to high school / vocational / MA level students. The sample chosen for the implementation of the Atlas of teaching materials was grade X of VOCATIONAL Health Yannas Husada Bangkalan students. The application of plants as natural indicators of acid-base tests is the material presented in the developed Atlas. Plants selected as indicators are tested first to be presented in the Atlas. Atlas is a teaching material that can convey information related to the use of natural indicators of the acid-base test to train the students' scientific reasoning skills. The four indicators of scientific reasoning that are trained are Theoretical Reasoning, Proportional Reasoning, Probabilistic Reasoning, and Correlational Reasoning. The data shows the students' scientific reasoning ability on the post-test results, as many as 20% of students are on the high criteria, 60% are moderate criteria, and 20% are still on the low criteria from the post-test results. The post-test result data is quite increased when compared to the pretet results, which 100% of students are in the low criteria.

scholarly journals Gay Subculture and the Cities in India: A Critical Reading of Select Works of R Raj Rao

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sriya Das ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Ultimate Objective ◽  
The City ◽  
Indian Penal Code

In delineating the painful experiences of LGBTQ individuals after the introduction of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code R Raj Rao’s works look into the struggle of these people to survive the onslaught of normative sexual discourses. Given the fact that Queer sexuality has been continuously questioned, suspected and tormented prior to its legitimate recognition in 2018, Rao draws attention to the nuances of gay urban life in India. The paper critically analyses the representation of gay subculture in the cities of India as reflected in select works of Rao. It demystifies how gay people share the urban space, manage to make room for their pleasure in the cities, and pose a threat to the dominant understanding of sexuality. The ultimate objective of this paper is to understand the role of the city in the (un)making of a subcultural identity. Textual analysis, with reference to certain theoretical frameworks, would be used as a qualitative research method.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Students Scientific Reasoning Ability in Solving the Modified Lawson Classroom Test of Scientific Reasoning (MLCTSR) Problems by Applying the Levels of Inquiry

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Novia ◽  
R. Riandi
Keyword(s):  
Junior High School ◽  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Probabilistic Reasoning ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Quantitative Research Methods ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Academic Year

<p>This study aims to determine the students’ achievement in answering modified lawson classroom test of scientific reasoning (MLCTSR) questions in overall science teaching and by every aspect of scientific reasoning abilities. There are six aspects related to the scientific reasoning abilities that were measured; they are conservatorial reasoning, proportional reasoning, controlling variables, combinatorial reasoning, probabilistic reasoning, correlational reasoning. The research is also conducted to see the development of scientific reasoning by using levels of inquiry models. The students reasoning ability was measured using the Modified Lawson Classroom Test of Scientific Reasoning (MLCTSR). MLCTSR is a test developed based on the test of scientific reasoning of Lawson’s Classroom Test of Scientific Reasoning (LCTSR) in 2000 which amounted to 12 multiple-choice questions. The research method chosen in this study is descriptive quantitative research methods. The research design used is One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The population of this study is the entire junior high students class VII the academic year 2014/2015 in one junior high school in Bandung. The samples in this study are one of class VII, which is class VII C. The sampling method used in this research is purposive sampling. The results showed that there is an increase in quantitative scientific reasoning although its value is not big.</p>

scholarly journals Women, ‘madness’ and exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Jane Hardes
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Women’S Mental Health ◽  
Women's Mental Health ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Exercise Promotion

The positive relationship between exercise and mental health is often taken for granted in today’s society, despite the lack of academic literature evidencing this symbiosis. Gender is considered a significant determinant in a number of mental health diagnoses. Indeed, women are considered twice as likely as men to experience the most pervasive mental health condition, depression. Exercise for women’s mental health is promoted through various macrolevel charity, as well as microlevel, campaigns that influence government healthcare policy and National Health Service guidelines. Indeed, ‘exercise prescriptions’ in the treatment of depression is not uncommon. Yet, this link between exercise as a treatment for women’s mental health has not always been so pervasive. In fact, an examination of asylum reports and medical journals from the late 19th century highlights a significant shift in attitude towards the role of exercise in the treatment of women’s emotional states and mental health. This paper specifically examines how this treatment of women’s mental health through exercise has moved from what might be regarded as a focus on exercise as a ‘cause’ of women’s mental ailments to exercise promoted as a ‘cure’. Unpacking the changing medical attitudes towards exercise for women in line with larger sociopolitical and historic contexts reveals that while this shift towards exercise promotion might prima facie appear as a less essentialist view of women and their mental and physical states, it inevitably remains tied to larger policy and governance agendas. New modes of exercise ‘treatment’ for women’s mental health are not politically neutral and, thus, what appear to emerge as forms of liberation are, in actuality, subtler forms of regulation.

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