Kritik Ibn al-Jauzi Terhadap Hadis dalam Kitab Ihya Ulum ad-Din dan Pembelaan Abu al-Fadl al-Iraqi

In the world of Islamic intellectuals, Al-Ghazali is one of the Sufistic figures who understands Islam very well. Arguments and ways of thinking about philosophy, monotheism and others were able to become a bridge for Muslims in that era. But apart from the intellectual prowess of al-Ghazali can not be separated from the criticism of his thinking. Some scholars at that time tried to criticize al-Ghazali's thoughts, especially about the hadith arguments that he used in Islamic law. Some scholars' considered that al-Ghazali used the hadith maudlu'. This is as seen in one of his monumental works, Ihya 'Ulum ad-Din, both for the purpose of at-targhib (providing motivation) and at-tarhib (scaring), and/or fadhail al-a'mal (the virtue of attitude/ behavior). It is interesting to briefly examine the epistemological framework of hadith in al-Ghazali's thought, which according to some scholars' has a tasahhul (loose) attitude in terms of hadith transmission, thus drawing criticism from some scholars and even orientalists, and the basis held by al-Ghazali in narrating and using hadiths that are af and even willing' quality, especially those related to haram and halal. However, this monumental book by al-Ghazali is considered a very great book in its era until now because it includes various types of knowledge.

The demands of comorbidity: Implications for the explanation and classification of mental disorder

<p>A central goal of psychiatric classification is to assist in the assessment and treatment of those who experience mental disorder. This challenge takes on greater significance in complex cases, especially given the high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity. High rates of comorbidity also challenge the validity of current psychiatric nosology. Etiological classification has been promoted as an alternative to improve the state of psychiatric diagnosis. However, comorbidity makes specific conceptual, explanatory and methodological demands of any such classification strategy. In this thesis, a demand for coherent and integrative explanation of comorbidity acts as a standard by which to assess the strength of different causal models of mental disorder and their resultant concepts. Integrative pluralism is presented as an epistemological framework well-suited to the complexity of this scientific challenge.</p>

The demands of comorbidity: Implications for the explanation and classification of mental disorder

<p>A central goal of psychiatric classification is to assist in the assessment and treatment of those who experience mental disorder. This challenge takes on greater significance in complex cases, especially given the high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity. High rates of comorbidity also challenge the validity of current psychiatric nosology. Etiological classification has been promoted as an alternative to improve the state of psychiatric diagnosis. However, comorbidity makes specific conceptual, explanatory and methodological demands of any such classification strategy. In this thesis, a demand for coherent and integrative explanation of comorbidity acts as a standard by which to assess the strength of different causal models of mental disorder and their resultant concepts. Integrative pluralism is presented as an epistemological framework well-suited to the complexity of this scientific challenge.</p>

Weaving the Contemporary Position of Maatauranga Maaori Within Nursing Practice

<p>While the values and beliefs of health care for Maaori are perceived to be consistent with those which Maaori are embedded in, the outcomes developed from a Western worldview, has fallen short of this expectation. This thesis explores the customary kaupapa of Maatauranga Maaori or Maaori knowledge, which is the appropriate technique to determine how health care should be maintained by and for Maaori. The research highlights the need to meld these kaupapa with that of a contemporary Maaori viewpoint, to focus more on a deeper enhancement of these kaupapa, and develop an understanding of the social, cultural, educational, political and economic contexts these concepts have on Maaori as a people. This research identified six Maaori registered women nurses, who willingly volunteered to share their experiences regarding Maatauranga Maaori and its importance to their nursing practice. Over a period of one year, in-depth conversations unfolded and produced data on what Maatauranga Maaori involves and how the six participants in the study believe it influences their nursing practices. All are currently practicing nurses within various health settings such as psychiatric and comprehensive nursing, and all wish to be known by their given names. From the inception of this study, the focus was to introduce Maatauranga Maaori as the epistemological framework of choice. Inclusive will be life-stories - oral stories - as the method by which value and insight are added to the progress of this research study. The findings of this research indicate that a collection of key kaupapa, namely whakapapa, whanaungatanga, te reo Maaori, wairuatanga, tuurangawaewae, manaakitanga and rangatiratanga are crucial to the health and wellbeing of Maaori as a people. These kaupapa enable Maaori to determine and strengthen our worldview, which in turn reflects the concept of being Maaori thereby contributing to the health and status of their whaanau, hapuu and iwi. The findings support the view that there is a substantial collection of kaupapa, which are inherent in Maatauranga Maaori as being able to provide a framework for theoretical research. These kaupapa will provide a framework for nursing practice and educational curricula that will develop and maintain nursing standards to meet the needs of Maaori.</p>

Weaving the Contemporary Position of Maatauranga Maaori Within Nursing Practice

<p>While the values and beliefs of health care for Maaori are perceived to be consistent with those which Maaori are embedded in, the outcomes developed from a Western worldview, has fallen short of this expectation. This thesis explores the customary kaupapa of Maatauranga Maaori or Maaori knowledge, which is the appropriate technique to determine how health care should be maintained by and for Maaori. The research highlights the need to meld these kaupapa with that of a contemporary Maaori viewpoint, to focus more on a deeper enhancement of these kaupapa, and develop an understanding of the social, cultural, educational, political and economic contexts these concepts have on Maaori as a people. This research identified six Maaori registered women nurses, who willingly volunteered to share their experiences regarding Maatauranga Maaori and its importance to their nursing practice. Over a period of one year, in-depth conversations unfolded and produced data on what Maatauranga Maaori involves and how the six participants in the study believe it influences their nursing practices. All are currently practicing nurses within various health settings such as psychiatric and comprehensive nursing, and all wish to be known by their given names. From the inception of this study, the focus was to introduce Maatauranga Maaori as the epistemological framework of choice. Inclusive will be life-stories - oral stories - as the method by which value and insight are added to the progress of this research study. The findings of this research indicate that a collection of key kaupapa, namely whakapapa, whanaungatanga, te reo Maaori, wairuatanga, tuurangawaewae, manaakitanga and rangatiratanga are crucial to the health and wellbeing of Maaori as a people. These kaupapa enable Maaori to determine and strengthen our worldview, which in turn reflects the concept of being Maaori thereby contributing to the health and status of their whaanau, hapuu and iwi. The findings support the view that there is a substantial collection of kaupapa, which are inherent in Maatauranga Maaori as being able to provide a framework for theoretical research. These kaupapa will provide a framework for nursing practice and educational curricula that will develop and maintain nursing standards to meet the needs of Maaori.</p>

“Nada sobre nós sem nós” a voz do usuário de cadeira de rodas praticante do método equoterápico e seus familiares sobre o bem-estar subjetivo

As terapias alternativas não farmacológicas tem sido objeto de vários estudos e conquistado a adesão de profissionais da saúde nas esferas física e mental, mas poucas investigações têm demonstrado preocupação em ouvir os participantes, nomeadamente os praticantes submetidos a essas terapias. O presente estudo, de natureza transversal exploratória e abordagem qualitativa com enquadramento epistemológico voltado para um paradigma fenomenológico interpretativo, tem como objetivo conhecer os possíveis benefícios da equoterapia relacionados ao bem-estar subjetivo de usuários de cadeira de rodas, para tanto, buscou através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, analisar a narrativa dos próprios praticantes de equoterapia e seus familiares. Os resultados obtidos a partir de uma amostra com 10 participantes sugerem ganhos relativos a autoestima, autoconfiança, autonomia, empoderamento, melhor relacionamento familiar com consequente melhoria da qualidade de vida e felicidade, ao que se conclui que a equoterapia pode contribuir positivamente para a elevação dos níveis do bem-estar subjetivo de usuários de cadeira de rodas. Alternative non-pharmacological therapies have been the subject of several studies and have won the support of health professionals in the physical and also mental spheres, but few investigations have shown concern with listening to the participants, namely the practitioners submitted to these therapies. The present study, of an exploratory cross-sectional nature and qualitative approach with an epistemological framework linked to an interpretative phenomenological paradigm, aims to learn about the possible benefits of equine therapy related to the subjective well-being of wheelchair users. Therefore, it sought through semi-structured interviews analyze the self-narrative of the equine therapy practitioners and their families. The results obtained from a sample with 10 participants suggest gains related to self-esteem, self-confidence, autonomy, empowerment, better family relationships with a consequent improvement in the quality of life and happiness. This leads to the conclusion that equine therapy can positively contribute to the elevation of the subjective well-being levels of wheelchair users.

Are there de jure objections to Mādhvic belief?

Recently, Erik Baldwin and Tyler McNabb have brought Madhva's epistemological framework into active dialogue with Alvin Plantinga's religious epistemology and have argued that individuals within Madhva's tradition cannot make full use of Plantinga's epistemology, according to which, Christian belief resists de jure objections and can also have warrant. While I do not contest this specific claim, I demonstrate that an analysis of Madhva's epistemological framework reveals that this framework has its own resources through which it can resist de jure objections. I address various objections to the rationality of Mādhvic belief and conclude that there are no de jure objections to Mādhvic belief that are independent of de facto objections.

How Values Ground Value Creation: The practical inference framework

After more than two decades of searching, the holy grail of integrating norms into management and organization research remains elusive. Researchers still lack a clear framework that explains value creation in relation to normative values, and, in turn, a means to incorporate values into research methods and generate value-based practical insights. To fill that need, this article presents an epistemological framework for understanding value creation. The practical inference framework centers on the activity of practical reasoning, a kind of reasoning that is legitimized by intrinsic values. It turns the ordinary epistemic equation on its head by seeking reasons rather than causes, and justifications rather than descriptions. In doing so, it shows how both factor analytic and newer, divergent methods of research can integrate with a robust architecture of value creation in ways that offer relevant knowledge for managers and society.

Digital War

Digital war is an elusive concept that invokes imaginaries of bloodless and fully virtual battles happening somewhere on a computer screen. Yet, the suffering and devastation brought about by armed conflicts around the world remains a harrowing constant. Digital technologies do not simply offer new capabilities in conducting military operations: extending the battlefronts into the realms of communication and perception, they reconstitute the social conditions shaping people’s relationship to wars. Blurring the boundaries between military and civilian actors, physical and mediated battlefronts, weapons and witnesses, digital media afford unprecedented opportunities for remote participation in wars. Sociologists are uniquely positioned to foreground the emerging participatory patterns in military conflicts, attending to the higher-order social transformations that challenge and transform present-day wars. This chapter begins by putting sociological traditions of studying wars in a dialogue with media studies literature, demonstrating how an understanding of digital media can inform social theory around contemporary conflicts. Next, I conceptualize digital war as a field of inquiry, mapping its emerging themes, objects of analysis, and interdisciplinary connections. The chapter concludes with an epistemological framework for making sense of emerging participatory patterns and their significance for the participants, as well as for the larger institutions on behalf of which wars are fought.