'My Name to me a Sadness Wears': Self and Other According to 'Diary by E. B. B.'

This paper dwells on the issue of selfhood in Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Diary (1831 – 1832). It explores individuation against three major presences in the poetess’s life: her father (and family), Hugh Stuart Boyd, and literature. The employed strategy of research includes a phenomenological (interspersed with feminist touches) focus on select excerpts from the Diary which reveal the writer’s concern for Self as the recognition of the priority of a precursory Other. Observations are made on the limits of human perception, time and space as human variables, the ontological essence of interpretation, and memory as a premise for cognizing life as care. A rare example of prose-fiction in the poetess’s oeuvre, her diary could be read as an instance of simultaneous self-nullification and self-affirmation, which offers possibilities for a dialectical definition of female genius as dialogue through narrative.

Metaphors and the Degree of Conventionality in Translation of Prose Fiction: A Fraction of the Whole in Focus

The idea of metaphor classification is regarded as how felicitously they are entrenched in everyday language spoken by ordinary people. Metaphor conventionality can be regarded as a scale whose opposite ends constitute conventional and creative metaphors. Logic indicates that the majority of linguistic metaphors are well-worn and conventional rather than novel, since an excess of novel metaphors may remarkably bring about “communicative surprise” (Rabadán Álvarez, 1991) thus increase cognitive processing time and even hinder perceiving. Metaphorical creativity, as the other extreme of the scale of conventionality, can be looked at as the use of conceptual metaphors and/ or their linguistic manifestations that are creative or novel. This study seeks to scrutinize the scale of conventionality in the Persian translation of A Fraction of the Whole. MIP known as Metaphor Identification Procedure put forward by the Pragglejaz Group (2007) was employed in the study to identify metaphors. The findings reveal that, sometimes, the metaphors used in L1 are novel or creative, but the translator draws upon conventional or entrenched ones in L2, or vice versa. The aim is to show the translator's choice of metaphor in terms of a conventionality scale using some previous cognitive models in this regard.

Literary dynamics in The.PowerBook by Jeanette Winterson and Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood

Interaction between text and reader is a prominent concern in stylistics. This paper focusses on interactions among stylistic processes and subconscious microcognitive processes that generate changes to narrative and interpretation during reading. Drawing on process philosophy and recent neuroscientific research, I articulate this dynamism through analysis of a brief narrative moment from each of The.PowerBook by Jeanette Winterson and Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood. I argue that high densities of stylistic and microcognitive perturbations lead to frequent narrative and interpretive changes in the two moments. The analyses reinforce portrayals of reading as intensely complex, dynamic and changeable. Complexity, dynamism and mutability also characterise the stylistic changes in the two narrative moments. This paper advocates greater attention to the role of volatile stylistic and cognitive microdynamics in shaping the reading of prose fiction.

The Popularity of F. M. Dostoyevsky’s Prose in China and the Challenges of its Translation into Chinese (exemplified by his novel “Humiliated and Insulted”) Part 1

В статье обобщается история переводов и популяризации творчества Ф. М. Достоевского в Китае, выявляются трудности перевода его произведений на китайский язык на примере романа «Униженные и оскорбленные» в переводе Ло Цзыляна. Восприятие и понимание художественного текста предполагает расшифровку авторского смысла, индивидуального авторского кода. Задача перевода состоит в максимально полном обеспечении полноценной коммуникативной замены оригинала и отождествлении с ним в содержательном, мыслительном, психологическом, эмоционально-оценочном и межкультурно-коммуникативном отношении. Самые большие трудности при переводе произведений Достоевского на китайский язык связаны с эмоционально-экспрессивными компонентами и культурно-фоновыми знаниями, которые имплицитно содержатся в языковых единицах. Чтобы справиться с упомянутыми трудностями, переводчик обязан в первую очередь достигнуть полного понимания авторского замысла, учитывая каждый культурно-эмоциональный компонент и имплицитный смысл каждой художественной детали. Полное понимание произведений Достоевского и их адекватный перевод на любой иностранный язык требует более тщательной работы над материалами по истории России середины ХХ века, связанными с жизнью и творчеством писателя, с фоновыми культурными знаками той эпохи, что позволяет выбрать способ перевода с помощью компенсации, комментирования, трансформации, синонимических замен, эмоционально-экспрессивных эквивалентов, стилистических преобразований и других тактик для осуществления эстетически эквивалентного художественного перевода. В первой части статьи трудности перевода рассматриваются на материале некоторых лексических трудностей: иностранных вкраплений и модальных фразеологизмов. Во второй части предполагается сопоставить оригинал и перевод на синтаксическом, стилистическом и культурологическом уровнях. The paper reviews the century-long history of translating and publishing the works of Dostoyevsky in China. It also examines the challenges of translating Dostoyevsky with examples drawn from his novel “Humiliated and Insulted”, which was translated by Luo Jiliang, a well-known translator of prose fiction. Profound comprehension of a literary work presupposes deciphering of the author’s message, his individual code. And its adequate translation consists in rendering all the meaningful elements of the code, so that the substitutions in the receptor language, inescapable as they are, re-create the original on the levels of content, philosophy, psychology, emotions and judgments, as well as the intercultural-communicative aspect. Comparative analysis shows that the greatest challenges of translating Dostoyevsky are those related to the emotive-expressive components and to background knowledge of Russian culture of the time, implicitly suggested by the language units. Thence the importance of examining every shade of emotion and the minutest culture-bound details. A translator of Dostoyevsky is to study materials on Russian history of the period connected with the life and works of the writer, with cultural landmarks of the time, so as to make a well-grounded translation decision, choosing among comment, compensation, transformation, substitution and other techniques ensuring adequate translation. In the first part of our analysis, presented in the current issue, we only dwell on some lexical challenges (foreignisms and modal phrases), to be followed by comparative analysis on the syntactical, stylistic and cultural levels.

A Home in This World: the Representation of Location and Identity in the Prose Fiction Texts of Katherine Mansfield, Robin Hyde and Janet Frame

<p>There is no home in this world for colonising peoples, but the desire for a place or a state to call home permeates their literature. The act of colonising is an act of dispossession, not only for the autochthonous peoples, but for the colonising peoples too. The colonising peoples can never regain their relationship of autochthonicity to their imperial nation, but neither can they ever gain a truly autochthonous relationship to the colonised land, because the founding act of dispossession stands in their way. The loss of autochthonous identity and location is one which can never be fulfilled. There is no longer a home to go to. The anxiety about identity and location which this loss produces is a basic condition of coloniality which cannot be escaped. This anxiety about identity and location can be tracked through the prose fiction writings of Katherine Mansfield, Robin Hyde and Janet Frame. Although the founding loss of autochthonicity cannot be undone or supplemented, it can be displaced, denied, disavowed or seized and interrogated. Although this condition of coloniality is produced by a founding moment in history, the way in which that condition is manifested in the texts is not fixed and transhistorical. Coloniality is displayed differently in each of the three groups of texts examined here. The dynamics of disavowal characterise the texts of both Mansfield and Hyde, but the products of this disavowal differ. Whilst the texts of Mansfield produce the colonising subject as a discriminated subject, the texts of Hyde produce the colonised subject as a discriminated subject. Frame's text interrogates its coloniality rather than disavowing it and attempts to articulate the foundering moments of individual and national identity rather than their founding moments. Under the hegemony of multinational consumer capital, the permanent nostalgia, which is the condition of coloniality, has become, also, the condition of the world.</p>

A Home in This World: the Representation of Location and Identity in the Prose Fiction Texts of Katherine Mansfield, Robin Hyde and Janet Frame

<p>There is no home in this world for colonising peoples, but the desire for a place or a state to call home permeates their literature. The act of colonising is an act of dispossession, not only for the autochthonous peoples, but for the colonising peoples too. The colonising peoples can never regain their relationship of autochthonicity to their imperial nation, but neither can they ever gain a truly autochthonous relationship to the colonised land, because the founding act of dispossession stands in their way. The loss of autochthonous identity and location is one which can never be fulfilled. There is no longer a home to go to. The anxiety about identity and location which this loss produces is a basic condition of coloniality which cannot be escaped. This anxiety about identity and location can be tracked through the prose fiction writings of Katherine Mansfield, Robin Hyde and Janet Frame. Although the founding loss of autochthonicity cannot be undone or supplemented, it can be displaced, denied, disavowed or seized and interrogated. Although this condition of coloniality is produced by a founding moment in history, the way in which that condition is manifested in the texts is not fixed and transhistorical. Coloniality is displayed differently in each of the three groups of texts examined here. The dynamics of disavowal characterise the texts of both Mansfield and Hyde, but the products of this disavowal differ. Whilst the texts of Mansfield produce the colonising subject as a discriminated subject, the texts of Hyde produce the colonised subject as a discriminated subject. Frame's text interrogates its coloniality rather than disavowing it and attempts to articulate the foundering moments of individual and national identity rather than their founding moments. Under the hegemony of multinational consumer capital, the permanent nostalgia, which is the condition of coloniality, has become, also, the condition of the world.</p>

Using Nominalization in Scientific Texts; A Practical Review of the Related Studies

Many scholars have focused on using the nominalization over the scientific discourse. On the other hand many scholars have focused on the historic origins of nominalization in scientific discourse (Banks, 2005); realizing the grammatical metaphor in modern prose fiction (Farahani & Hadidi, 2008). Furthermore, Susinskiene (2009) examined the influence of verb-based nominalization to cohesion over the history texts. Baratta (2010) examined moreover using the nominalization in the writing performance of six undergraduate students. Finally, Wenyan (2012), examined the role of nominalization in the English Medical Papers (EMP) created by native English speakers and Chinese writers. These investigations have focused the vital role of using the nominalization in the skillful arrangement of academic discourse. Nevertheless, the realization between discipline specificity and nominalization is not focused a lot. In the current paper, the researcher tried to review the nominalization use and related studies which have been conducted in this regard. Hopefully, results of the current investigation is useful for a number of people who can benefit the results namely students of applied linguistics who want to understand the related studies about nominalization, researchers who want to conduct their studies of nominalization and interested people to applied linguistics.

The Paris Commune of 1871 in Selected Texts of French Prose Fiction

<p>The thesis consists essentially of a consideration of the Paris Commune of 1871 as represented in the following texts: l'Apprentie by Gustave Geffroy; l'Ami de l'Ordre by Jerome and Jean Tharaud; Bas les Coeurs and l'Epaulette by Georges Darien; la Colonne and Philemon vieux de la vieille by Lucien Descaves; les Massacres de Paris by Jean Cassou. With two exceptions (Bas les Coeurs (1889) and les Massacres de Paris (1935)) these works appeared during the opening fifteen years of the twentieth century. In addition to its obvious function of introducing the principal authors discussed, the Introduction provides background information to (and attempts to set the tone for) material examined in the main body of the thesis. Chapters one and Two, devoted to Gustave Geffroy and the Tharaud brothers respectively, consider the commune primarily in terms of its effects upon, and consequences for, individuals and families at the time. Georges Darien's savage denunciation of the bourgeois order - an indictment in which the Paris Commune serves an essential purpose - is considered in chapter Three. The fourth chapter (centred upon la colonne by Lucien Descaves) entails discussion of the commune's repudiation - through the toppling of the vendome column - of warmongering and chauvinism. In Philemon vieux de la vieille, the Commune is seen essentially in terms of its continued significance for former communards looking back, during the early l900's, to the seventy-two days' and the years of exile. Jean Cassou's characterisation of leading participants in the Commune notably Louis Rossel, Louise Michel and Jaroslaw Dombrowski - provides the principal focus for discussion in chapter six. Sources used by both Descaves and Cassou are considered in the relevant chapters. To complement material in Chapters One to Six, appendices relating to three texts (Un Communard by Leon Deffoux; le Mur by Maurice Montegut; la commune by Paul and Victor Margueritte) are included. Throughout the thesis, references are frequently made to, and comparisons drawn with, other writers who have portrayed the commune: notably Emile Zola, Leon Cladel and Jules Valles.</p>

The Paris Commune of 1871 in Selected Texts of French Prose Fiction

<p>The thesis consists essentially of a consideration of the Paris Commune of 1871 as represented in the following texts: l'Apprentie by Gustave Geffroy; l'Ami de l'Ordre by Jerome and Jean Tharaud; Bas les Coeurs and l'Epaulette by Georges Darien; la Colonne and Philemon vieux de la vieille by Lucien Descaves; les Massacres de Paris by Jean Cassou. With two exceptions (Bas les Coeurs (1889) and les Massacres de Paris (1935)) these works appeared during the opening fifteen years of the twentieth century. In addition to its obvious function of introducing the principal authors discussed, the Introduction provides background information to (and attempts to set the tone for) material examined in the main body of the thesis. Chapters one and Two, devoted to Gustave Geffroy and the Tharaud brothers respectively, consider the commune primarily in terms of its effects upon, and consequences for, individuals and families at the time. Georges Darien's savage denunciation of the bourgeois order - an indictment in which the Paris Commune serves an essential purpose - is considered in chapter Three. The fourth chapter (centred upon la colonne by Lucien Descaves) entails discussion of the commune's repudiation - through the toppling of the vendome column - of warmongering and chauvinism. In Philemon vieux de la vieille, the Commune is seen essentially in terms of its continued significance for former communards looking back, during the early l900's, to the seventy-two days' and the years of exile. Jean Cassou's characterisation of leading participants in the Commune notably Louis Rossel, Louise Michel and Jaroslaw Dombrowski - provides the principal focus for discussion in chapter six. Sources used by both Descaves and Cassou are considered in the relevant chapters. To complement material in Chapters One to Six, appendices relating to three texts (Un Communard by Leon Deffoux; le Mur by Maurice Montegut; la commune by Paul and Victor Margueritte) are included. Throughout the thesis, references are frequently made to, and comparisons drawn with, other writers who have portrayed the commune: notably Emile Zola, Leon Cladel and Jules Valles.</p>