Compensation and Economic Incentives: Reducing Pressure on Protected Areas

Last Stand ◽  
1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Ferraro ◽  
Randall A. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Tropical Rain Forests ◽  
Waste Dumps ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
The Relationship

Although the global social benefits of establishing protected areas in tropical rain forests may outweigh the total costs, the local private costs of restricting access to an important resource may be relatively substantial for residents and communities. The imbalance between costs accruing at the local level and benefits accruing at the national and international levels has raised questions about whether people living in or near protected areas ought to be compensated for their losses, and if so, how compensation should be made. The issue of compensating residents for lost resources has been discussed, implicitly or explicitly, in many treatments of the relationship between protected areas and local people, as well as in treatments of externalities. (Economists define externalities as actions of consumers or producers that affect the well-being of others in a way that is not reflected through prices or economic transactions.) In the literature on compensation, there is a large difference of opinion on whether compensation should be paid to victims of negative externalities, which include such things as the pollution of air or water and the siting of hazardous waste dumps. A number of studies have argued for compensation of those people subject to negative externalities, at least in particular situations or through particular mechanisms Oohnson, 1977; O'Hare, 1977; Western, 1982; Knetsch, 1983; Ward, 1986; Tietenberg, 1988; Hodge, 1989; Sullivan, 1990, 1992; Barnett, 1991; Burrows, 1991; McNeely, 1991; Miceli, 1991; Farber, 1992; Pollot, 1993). Other authors, mainly economists, have argued equally persuasively against compensation in many or all situations (Knetsch, 1983; Blume et al., 1984; Baumol and Gates, 1988). Most of the differences of opinion derive from differences in the context of the case examined, the assumptions made, the criteria used for judging the desirability of outcomes, interpretations of relevant laws, and the proposed mechanism for compensation. In the context of protected areas, most authors have argued in favor of compensating residents (e.g., Western, 1982; Barnett, 1991; McNeely, 1991). A unique best choice regarding compensation is not indicated in economic and political theory. Few protected area projects have attempted large-scale compensation initiatives; thus, there are few field examples to guide the discussion.

scholarly journals The Gap Between Desired and Actual Level of Families Well–Being According to the Results Sociological and Demographic Married Couples Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-131
Author(s):  
Anatoly Antonov ◽  
Vera Karpova ◽  
Sofia Lyalikova
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Family Behavior ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Demographic Policy

Based on a simultaneous husbands and wives survey, the article examines the relationship between the desired and actual level of per capita family income (along with housing conditions) in connection with the spouses’ socio-demographic characteristics. Most families with three and more children are characterized by low incomes, which require the introduction of material compensation as part of social policy. On the other hand, the task of family and demographic policy is to increase the current family need for two children, for which economic incentives are not enough. In this regard, noneconomic measures of influence are required; hence, the focus is on the analysis of value-motivational aspects of behavior, that is spousal self-assessment of desired and actual wellbeing. An increase in the degree of the gap between them first increases reproductive orientations and actual childbearing, and then lowers them. Socially significant is the critical value of the gap - the excess of the desired income over the actual up to three times, which determines the orientation of family behavior. Taking into account this empirical, well-grounded relationship is important from a practical point of view.

scholarly journals A Critique of the Global Literature on the Conservation Refugee Problem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Harrison Esam Awuh
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
International Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Global Literature ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Conservation Organizations ◽  
Refugee Problem

<p>Displacement of people has often been driven by large scale development projects, wars, disease and ecological disasters such as famine and drought. However, there is another category of displaced people who have often been ignored. These people who are victims of a much more noble cause are referred to as conservation refugees. Conservation refugees are people displaced from protected areas. Despite the existence of conservation refugees and their plight, only Brockington and Igoe (2006) have attempted a global literature review on the problem. While their study explains who conservation refugees are as well as when and where the displacements have occurred, my study goes further and critiques the international law and declaration designed to protect the rights of conservation refugees. I also examine conservation policies and the impacts of displacement on conservation refugees based on the Impoverishment Risk Reconstruct Model (IRR) of Cernea (1997). My literature review explains who conservation refugees and describes their global distribution. The review of literature in English and French uncovers 170 relevant articles, of which 73 dealt with issues directly related to conservation refugees. I find that most of the approximately 3,058,000 conservation refugees are members of 28 different indigenous groups displaced across 48 protected areas. I also introduce and discuss international law and declarations aimed at protecting conservation refugees and point out that it is not their inadequacy as laws in protecting conservation refugees but rather a local failure to enforce them. Conservation policies themselves are also a major factor in protecting inhabitants of protected areas. Often conservation organizations are more sensitive to the protection of flora and fauna rather than the well-being of the area’s inhabitants. Therefore, the goal of double sustainability is not met and this affects the relationship between local people and protected areas in a negative way. One thing we have learned is that protected areas across the world operate much more successfully when they are managed with or by indigenous peoples themselves.</p>

Sustainable-use protected areas catalyze enhanced livelihoods in rural Amazonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (40) ◽  
pp. e2105480118
Author(s):  
João V. Campos-Silva ◽  
Carlos A. Peres ◽  
Joseph E. Hawes ◽  
Torbjørn Haugaasen ◽  
Carolina T. Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Local Livelihoods

Finding new pathways for reconciling socioeconomic well-being and nature sustainability is critically important for contemporary societies, especially in tropical developing countries where sustaining local livelihoods often clashes with biodiversity conservation. Many projects aimed at reconciling the goals of biodiversity conservation and social aspirations within protected areas (PAs) have failed on one or both counts. Here, we investigate the social consequences of living either inside or outside sustainable-use PAs in the Brazilian Amazon, using data from more than 100 local communities along a 2,000-km section of a major Amazonian river. The PAs in this region are now widely viewed as conservation triumphs, having implemented community comanagement of fisheries and recovery of overexploited wildlife populations. We document clear differences in social welfare in communities inside and outside PAs. Specifically, communities inside PAs enjoy better access to health care, education, electricity, basic sanitation, and communication infrastructure. Moreover, living within a PA was the strongest predictor of household wealth, followed by cash-transfer programs and the number of people per household. These collective cobenefits clearly influence life satisfaction, with only 5% of all adult residents inside PAs aspiring to move to urban centers, compared with 58% of adults in unprotected areas. Our results clearly demonstrate that large-scale “win–win” conservation solutions are possible in tropical countries with limited financial and human resources and reinforce the need to genuinely empower local people in integrated conservation-development programs.

scholarly journals Tort Law and Human Rights

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-233
Author(s):  
Gerhard Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Tort Liability ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe article explores the relationship between tort law and human rights. It explains the potential inherent in holding corporations liable in tort for human rights violations along the supply chain, such as the 2013 Rana Plaza collapse in Bangladesh. On a theoretical level, it devises a legal framework of tort liability that is optimal from the standpoint of social welfare. Such an optimal liability system would make manufacturers internalise the full cost of production, including harm caused to workers, third parties and the environment. In contrast, the present global liability situation is characterised by legal fragmentation and enforcement deficits. These factors provide the explanation for the large-scale externalisation of production risks we witness today, leading to an inflated global demand. In principle, tort law is well suited to offer a remedy, as the interests protected by human rights and national tort law broadly overlap. Furthermore, the duty of care which is the core requirement for shifting losses to others via tort law is a flexible concept that may even be stretched to accommodate cross-border human rights policies. The new French “devoir de vigilance,” or human rights due diligence, as well the UK Supreme Court’s recent jurisprudence, aim to tap this potential. On the other hand, the article raises doubt in relation to the adverse economic incentives and market shifts if such duties are imposed selectively, i.e. only in some jurisdictions, but not in others. After all, private international law often stands in the way of a global application of national tort law. Finally, alternative mechanisms of enforcement are assessed and examined with a view to their comparative effectiveness. This analysis casts doubt on the usefulness of tort law as a means to further the human rights cause.

scholarly journals Are Perceptions of Local Conditions Rooted in Reality? Evidence From Two Large-Scale Local Surveys

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-474
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Holbrook ◽  
Aaron C. Weinschenk
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Retrospective Voting ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Objective Indicators

In this research note, we test an assumption that is often made in the literature on local retrospective voting—that peoples’ perceptions of local conditions are well-grounded in reality. To do so, we examine the relationship between objective measures of local conditions and aggregated survey measures of perceptions of those conditions. We focus on three different conditions that have been shown to influence vote choice and approval at the local level—the state of the local economy, the quality of local public schools, and levels of local crime—and find strong evidence that perceptions of these conditions reflect actual local conditions. This important and previously unreported finding helps bolster the connections some scholars have found between objective indicators and election outcomes at the local level, as those indicators are tied to mass perceptions of related local conditions, which are connected to evaluations of incumbents. Overall, our results indicate that local electorates are well-positioned to hold local officials responsible. Given the general conception of the local electorate as disengaged, the strength and consistency of our findings are somewhat unexpected.

scholarly journals DO PISA AO SISPAE: o estímulo ao estreitamento curricular

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 534
Author(s):  
Cassio Vale ◽  
Maria do Socorro Vasconcelos Pereira ◽  
Francisco Willams Campos Lima
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Education Professionals ◽  
International Program ◽  
Educational Processes ◽  
Socioeconomic Segregation ◽  
The Relationship

O texto tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre o Programa Internacional de Avaliação de Estudantes (PISA) e o Sistema Paraense de Avaliação Educacional (SisPAE) como instrumentos de mensuração de processos educativos em larga escala que induzem a um estreitamento curricular no processo avaliativo. A metodologia se deu via pesquisa bibliográfica cujo resultado identificou que a avaliação dos dois programas por meio exclusivo da redução dos currículos poderá estimular a competição entre os profissionais da educação e a segregação socioeconômica no território, além de que os princípios do PISA em nível internacional são seguidos pelo SisPAE em nível local – o Estado do Pará.Palavras-chave: PISA. SisPAE. Estreitamento curricular.FROM PISA TO SISPAE: the stimulus to curricular narrowingAbstractThis paper aims to analyze the relationship between the International Program for Student Assessment (PISA) and the Paraense Educational Assessment System (SisPAE) as instruments for measuring large-scale educational processes that induce a evaluation process. The methodology was based on bibliographical research in which it was identified as a result that the evaluation of the two programs by means of curriculum reduction alone could stimulate competition between education professionals and socioeconomic segregation in the territory, in addition to the principles of PISA at an international level are followed by SisPAE at the local level - the state of Pará.Keywords: PISA. SisPAE. Curricular narrowing.

scholarly journals A Critique of the Global Literature on the Conservation Refugee Problem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Harrison Esam Awuh
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
International Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Global Literature ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Conservation Organizations ◽  
Refugee Problem

<p>Displacement of people has often been driven by large scale development projects, wars, disease and ecological disasters such as famine and drought. However, there is another category of displaced people who have often been ignored. These people who are victims of a much more noble cause are referred to as conservation refugees. Conservation refugees are people displaced from protected areas. Despite the existence of conservation refugees and their plight, only Brockington and Igoe (2006) have attempted a global literature review on the problem. While their study explains who conservation refugees are as well as when and where the displacements have occurred, my study goes further and critiques the international law and declaration designed to protect the rights of conservation refugees. I also examine conservation policies and the impacts of displacement on conservation refugees based on the Impoverishment Risk Reconstruct Model (IRR) of Cernea (1997). My literature review explains who conservation refugees and describes their global distribution. The review of literature in English and French uncovers 170 relevant articles, of which 73 dealt with issues directly related to conservation refugees. I find that most of the approximately 3,058,000 conservation refugees are members of 28 different indigenous groups displaced across 48 protected areas. I also introduce and discuss international law and declarations aimed at protecting conservation refugees and point out that it is not their inadequacy as laws in protecting conservation refugees but rather a local failure to enforce them. Conservation policies themselves are also a major factor in protecting inhabitants of protected areas. Often conservation organizations are more sensitive to the protection of flora and fauna rather than the well-being of the area’s inhabitants. Therefore, the goal of double sustainability is not met and this affects the relationship between local people and protected areas in a negative way. One thing we have learned is that protected areas across the world operate much more successfully when they are managed with or by indigenous peoples themselves.</p>

scholarly journals Decarbonising real estate

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-408
Author(s):  
Sara Jane Wilkinson ◽  
Sarah Sayce
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Residential Property ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose About 27 per cent of the total UK carbon emissions are attributed to residential buildings; therefore, improvements to the energy efficiency of the stock offers great potential. There are three main ways to achieve this. First is a mandatory approach, minimum energy efficiency standards are set and applied to new and existing buildings. Option 2 is voluntary, using energy ratings that classify performance to stimulate awareness and action. Third, financial measures, incentives and taxes, are applied to “nudge” behaviours. Most westernised countries have adopted a combination of Options 2 and 3, with the belief that the market will incentivize efficient properties. The belief is voluntary measures will stimulate demand, leading to value premiums. This paper aims to seek a deeper understanding of the relationship between energy efficiency and the value of residential property in Europe and, by so doing, to determine whether stronger policies are required to realise decarbonisation. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews the current academic literature and large-scale quantitative studies conducted in Europe, mostly using hedonic pricing analysis to seek a relationship between energy performance certificates (EPCs) and either capital or rental values. It compares these to the reported findings of three case study projects that take a variety of different research approaches, all of which have the ambition to understand market behaviours and stimulate occupier or/and owner demand for energy efficient buildings. Findings The large-scale academic study results generally show a positive relationship between observed market prices and EPCs, which are commonly taken as surrogates for efficiency; however, outcomes are variable. One large study found energy upgrades may increase value, but not to the point where costs outweigh the value gain. Other studies found high returns on investment in energy efficiency technologies. The case study projects, however, revealed a more nuanced set of arguments in terms of the relationship between energy efficiency and market behaviours. Whilst there is some evidence that energy efficiency is beginning to impact on value, it is small compared to other value drivers; other drivers, including health, well-being and private sector finance deals, may prove more powerful market drivers. Further, the empirical findings reported point towards the emergence of a “brown” discount being more likely to be the long-term trend than a green premium. It is concluded that the current levels of action are unlikely to deliver the levels of decarbonisation urgently needed. Research limitations/implications This is a desktop study of other European studies that may have collected data on slightly different variables. Practical implications This study shows that more action is required to realise decarbonisation in new and existing residential property in the European states considered. The sector offers potential for substantial reductions, and other mandatory approaches need to be considered. Originality/value This is a timely review of the current outcomes of European programmes (EPCs) adopted in several countries to increase energy efficiency in the residential sector through a voluntary mechanism. The results show that more action is needed.

scholarly journals Towards ecological and social impact through collaborative governance of a seascape of marine protected areas in Honduras

Oryx ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Daniel Steadman
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Collaborative Governance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Marine Management

Abstract Protecting marine biodiversity and ensuring sustainable use through a seascape approach is becoming increasingly widespread in response to the ecological, social and institutional challenges of scaling ocean management. A seascape approach means clustering spatial management measures (marine protected areas) based around the principles of ecological connectivity, and developing or enhancing collaborative governance networks of relevant stakeholders (managers, community groups, non-governmental organizations) based around the principles of social connectivity. As with other large-scale approaches to marine management, there is minimal evidence of long-term impact in seascapes. This study uses a theory-based, participatory impact evaluation to assess perceived changes attributed to the Atlántida seascape in Honduras (initiated in 2015), encompassing three well-established marine protected areas and the non-legally managed waters between them. Using an adapted most significant change method, 15 interviews with a representative subset of seascape stakeholders yielded 165 stories of change, the majority (88%) of which were positive. Enhanced social capital, associated with cross-sectoral collaboration, inter-site conflict resolution and shared learning, was the most consistently expressed thematic change (32% of stories). Although most stories were expressed as activity- or output-related changes, a small proportion (18%) were causally linked to broader outcomes or impact around increased fish and flagship species abundance as well as interconnected well-being benefits for people. Although minimal (and occasionally attributed to prior initiatives that were enhanced by the seascape approach), this impact evidence tentatively links seascapes to recent related research around the effectiveness of appropriately scaled, ecosystem-based and collaboratively governed marine management that balances strict protection with sustainable use.

The Relationship Between Hearing Loss Self-Management and Hearing Aid Benefit and Satisfaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Convery ◽  
Gitte Keidser ◽  
Louise Hickson ◽  
Carly Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Hearing Aid Benefit ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Hearing loss self-management refers to the knowledge and skills people use to manage the effects of hearing loss on all aspects of their daily lives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-reported hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Method Thirty-seven adults with hearing loss, all of whom were current users of bilateral hearing aids, participated in this observational study. The participants completed self-report inventories probing their hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between individual domains of hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Results Participants who reported better self-management of the effects of their hearing loss on their emotional well-being and social participation were more likely to report less aided listening difficulty in noisy and reverberant environments and greater satisfaction with the effect of their hearing aids on their self-image. Participants who reported better self-management in the areas of adhering to treatment, participating in shared decision making, accessing services and resources, attending appointments, and monitoring for changes in their hearing and functional status were more likely to report greater satisfaction with the sound quality and performance of their hearing aids. Conclusion Study findings highlight the potential for using information about a patient's hearing loss self-management in different domains as part of clinical decision making and management planning.

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