Solute Interchange between Solid, Liquid, and Gas Phases in the Soil

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Tinker ◽  
Peter Nye
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Activity Ratio ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Vapour Phase ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Null Point ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Gas Phases ◽  
Solid Liquid

We noted in chapter 1 that the concentration of solute in the soil solution is buffered by solute adsorbed on the soil surfaces. We also show in chapter 4 that the overall mobility of ions is related to their amounts and mobilities in the solid and solution. In this chapter, we focus on the soil solution concentration, primarily to show how the factors controlling it can be incorporated in models of the growth of crops and the leaching of nutrients or pollutants, such as those described in chapters 10 and 11. We examine the general principles governing the interchange of solutes between all phases in the soil, dealing first with inorganic ions, especially plant nutrients and heavy metals; and later with organic solutes, including biocides, which may also occur in the vapour phase. We also consider the reactions between metal ions and other organic or inorganic ions in solution to form complexes, such as CuOH+. The method of displacing the pore solution from a column of soil with ethanol, introduced by Ischtscherikow (1907), has been examined by Moss (1963, 1969). He found, in accord with theory (section 3.1.3), that the activity ratios (K)/(Ca + Mg)1/2 and (K)/(Ca)1/2 determined in the displaced solutions remained constant over considerable changes in soil moisture level to the point of saturation. He also found that the activity ratio (K)/(Ca + Mg)1/2 in the extracts from a wide range of soils agreed well with the activity ratio determined by the null point method of Beckett & Craig (1964). In this method, the soil is shaken with dilute CaCl2 solution containing graded amounts of potassium, and the activity ratio at which the soil does not gain or lose potassium to the solution is determined. Ethanol appears to displace solution from the fine as well as the coarse pores, and successive fractions, devoid of alcohol, have the same composition. For small samples of soil, it is more convenient to add a heavy liquid that is immiscible with water, and extract the solution by centrifuging (Kinniburgh & Miles 1983). Suction methods are useful for following changes in composition of moist soils. They should be used with care since they change the pressure of CO2 and hence the concentration of the bicarbonate ion.

Soil phosphorus tests I: What soil phosphorus pools and processes do they measure?

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip W. Moody ◽  
Simon D. Speirs ◽  
Brendan J. Scott ◽  
Sean D. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Activity Ratio ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Soil Solution P ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Soil P Tests ◽  
P Supply

The phosphorus (P) status of 535 surface soils from all states of Australia was assessed using the following soil P tests: Colwell-P (0.5 m NaHCO3), Olsen-P (0.5 m NaHCO3), BSES-P (0.005 m H2SO4), and Mehlich 3-P (0.2 m CH3COOH + 0.25 m NH4NO3 + 0.015 m NH4F + 0.013 m HNO3 + 0.001 m EDTA). Results were correlated with soil P assays selected to estimate the following: soil solution P concentration (i.e. 0.01 m CaCl2 extractable P; Colwell-P/P buffer index); rate of P supply to the soil solution (i.e. P released to FeO-impregnated filter paper); sorbed P (i.e. Colwell-P); mineral P (i.e. fertiliser reaction products and/or soil P minerals estimated as BSES-P minus Colwell-P); the diffusive supply of P (i.e. P diffusing through a thin gel film, DGT-P); and P buffer capacity (i.e. single-point P buffer index corrected for Colwell-P, PBICol). Across all soils, Colwell-P and BSES-P were highly correlated with FeO-P (r = 0.76 and 0.58, respectively). Colwell-P was moderately correlated with mineral P (r = 0.24), but not solution P. Olsen-P and Mehlich-P were both highly correlated with FeO-P (r = 0.80 and 0.78, respectively) but, in contrast to Colwell-P and BSES-P, also showed moderate correlations with soil solution P (r = 0.29 and 0.34, respectively) and diffusive P supply (r = 0.31 and 0.49, respectively). Correlation coefficients with mineral P were r = 0.29 for Olsen-P and r = 0.17 for Mehlich-P. Soils were categorised according to their pH, clay activity ratio, content of mineral P and CaCO3 content, and the relationships between the empirical soil P tests examined for each soil category. Olsen-P and Colwell-P were correlated across all soil categories (r range 0.66–0.90), and a widely applicable linear equation was obtained for converting one soil test to the other. However, the correlations between other soil tests varied markedly between soil categories and it was not possible to develop such widely applicable conversion equations. Multiple step-up linear regressions were used to identify the key soil properties affecting soil solution P, P buffer capacity, and diffusive P supply, respectively. For all soil categories, solution P concentration (measured by CaCl2-P) increased as rate of P supply (measured as FeO-P) increased and P buffer capacity decreased. As an assay of sorbed P, Colwell-P alone did not significantly (P > 0.05) explain any of the variability in soil solution P, but when used in the index (Colwell-P/P buffer index), it was highly correlated (r = 0.74) with CaCl2-P. Soil P buffer capacity was dependent on different properties in different soil categories, with 45–65% of the variation in PBI accounted for by various combinations of Mehlich-Al, Mehlich-Fe, total organic C, clay content, clay activity ratio, and CaCO3 content, depending on soil category. The diffusive supply of P was primarily determined by rate of P supply (measured as FeO-P; r range 0.34–0.49), with significant (P < 0.05) small improvements due to the inclusion of PBICol and/or clay content, depending on soil category. For these surface soil samples, key properties of pH, clay activity ratio, clay content, and P buffer capacity varied so widely within individual Australian Soil Orders that soil classification was not useful for inferring intrinsic surface soil P properties such as P buffer capacity or the relationships between soil P tests.

scholarly journals Phthalimide conjugation turns the AIE-active tetraphenylethylene unit non-emissive: its use in turn-on sensing of hydrazine in solution and the solid- and vapour-phase

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (35) ◽  
pp. 21269-21278
Author(s):  
Sharanabasava D. Hiremath ◽  
Ram U. Gawas ◽  
Dharmendra Das ◽  
Viraj G. Naik ◽  
Akhil A. Bhosle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vapour Phase ◽  
Selective Detection ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Solid Liquid

A new AIE-based fluorimetric probe (TPE-PMI) has been successfully developed utilizing Gabriel reaction for the selective detection of hydrazine in solid, liquid and vapour phases.

Matrix and Mineral Changes in Developing Enamel

1979 ◽  
Vol 58 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 871-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Robinson ◽  
H.D. Briggs ◽  
P.J. Atkinson ◽  
J.A. Weatherell
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Content ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Enamel Organ ◽  
Enamel Matrix ◽  
Subsequent Loss ◽  
Matrix Components ◽  
Significant Concentration ◽  
Mineral Changes

An investigation of the changes taking place in the enamel and the enamel organ during enamel development has been carried out by analyzing small samples of tissue dissected from developing incisors of rat and bovine incisors. Observations showed that the synthesis of the enamel matrix and its subsequent loss were associated chiefly with a change in the major matrix components. This consisted of a selective loss of amelogenin components prior to secondary mineralization. Before this loss, some increase in the proportion of smaller molecular weight components suggested the possibility of limited breakdown. Even at the earliest stages examined, significant concentration of mineral ions was present. This increased steeply after most of the organic matrix had been removed. The Ca/P ratio of this mineral was constant throughout development. The concentration of minor inorganic ions (F, Mg and CO3) decreased as the tissue developed and a tendency was observed for certain ions (F, 32PO4) to penetrate and concentrate in the enamel, apparently as a consequence of the lost matrix being replaced by water, just prior to the steep increase in mineral content of the tissue.

scholarly journals The impact of four decades of annual nitrogen addition on dissolved organic matter in a boreal forest soil

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1365-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Rappe-George ◽  
A. I. Gärdenäs ◽  
D. B. Kleja
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
N Saturation ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Addition of mineral nitrogen (N) can alter the concentration and quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in forest soils. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of long-term mineral N addition on soil solution concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in Stråsan experimental forest (Norway spruce) in central Sweden. N was added yearly at two levels of intensity and duration: the N1 treatment represented a lower intensity but a longer duration (43 yr) of N addition than the shorter N2 treatment (24 yr). N additions were terminated in the N2 treatment in 1991. The N treatments began in 1967 when the spruce stands were 9 yr old. Soil solution in the forest floor O, and soil mineral B, horizons were sampled during the growing seasons of 1995 and 2009. Tension and non-tension lysimeters were installed in the O horizon (n = 6), and tension lysimeters were installed in the underlying B horizon (n = 4): soil solution was sampled at two-week intervals. Although tree growth and O horizon carbon (C) and N stock increased in treatments N1 and N2, the concentration of DOC in O horizon leachates was similar in both N treatments and control. This suggests an inhibitory direct effect of N addition on O horizon DOC. Elevated DON and nitrate in O horizon leachates in the ongoing N1 treatment indicated a move towards N saturation. In B horizon leachates, the N1 treatment approximately doubled leachate concentrations of DOC and DON. DON returned to control levels, but DOC remained elevated in B horizon leachates in N2 plots nineteen years after termination of N addition. We propose three possible explanations for the increased DOC in mineral soil: (i) the result of decomposition of a larger amount of root litter, either directly producing DOC or (ii) indirectly via priming of old SOM, and/or (iii) a suppression of extracellular oxidative enzymes.

scholarly journals Low, Controlled Nutrient Availability Provided by Organic Waste Materials for Chrysanthemum

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 422-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Williams ◽  
Paul V. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Brevibacterium Lactofermentum ◽  
N Release ◽  
Poultry Feathers

Seven organic materials including 1) the bacterium Brevibacterium lactofermentum (Okumura et al.) in a nonviable state, 2) a mixture of two bacteria, Bacillus licheniformis (Weigmann) and Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg), plus the fungus Aspergillus niger (van Tieghem) in a nonviable state, 3) an activated microbial sludge from waste-water treatment, 4) sludge from a poultry manure methane generator, 5) unsteamed bonemeal, 6) aged pine needles, and 7) poultry feathers were evaluated to determine their pattern and term of N release and the possibility of using them as an integral part of root media releasing N at a steady, low rate over 10 to 12 weeks for production of Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura `Sunny Mandalay'. These were compared to the inorganic slow-release fertilizer micro Osmocote (17N-3.9P-10.8K) and a weekly liquid fertilizer control. All organic sources released N most rapidly during the first 2 weeks, followed by a decline, which ended at 6 to 7 weeks. Brevibacterium lactofermentum, bonemeal, and micro Osmocote treatments resulted in about equal growth, which was similar to growth of a weekly liquid fertilizer control for 9 weeks in the first and for 12 weeks in the second experiment. The period of N release could not be extended through increased application rate of source due to the high initial release rate. It was not possible to lower source application rates to achieve an effective, low soil solution concentration due to the large variation in release rate over time. Efficiency of N use varied among plants grown in media treated with various microorganismal sources and was highest in those treated with B. lactofermentum. Nitrogen release from ground poultry feathers was inadequate, and additions of the viable hydrolyzing bacterium B. licheniformis to feathers failed to increase soil solution N levels. Attempts to retard mineralization of B. lactofermentum by cross-linking proteins contained within the bacterium by means of heat treatment at 116C vs. 82C failed. While anaerobic poultry manure sludge proved to be an inefficient source of N, it provided large amounts of P. Organic sources released primarily ammoniacal N, which raised the medium pH by as much as one unit, necessitating the use of less limestone in the medium formulation.

scholarly journals Semi-continuous gas and inorganic aerosol measurements at a Finnish urban site: comparisons with filters, nitrogen in aerosol and gas phases, and aerosol acidity

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 4755-4796 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Makkonen ◽  
A. Virkkula ◽  
J. Mäntykenttä ◽  
H. Hakola ◽  
P. Keronen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Gas Phases ◽  
Aerosol Acidity ◽  
Inorganic Aerosol ◽  
Online Monitor

Abstract. Concentrations of 5 gases (HCl, HNO3, HONO, NH3, SO2) and 8 major inorganic ions in particles (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) were measured with an online monitor MARGA 2S in two size ranges, Dp < 2.5 μm and Dp < 10 μm, in Helsinki, Finland from November 2009 to May 2010. The results were compared with filter sampling, mass concentrations obtained from particle number size distributions, and a conventional SO2 monitor. The MARGA yielded lower concentrations than those analyzed from the filter samples for most ions. Linear regression yielded MARGA vs. filter slopes of 0.68, 0.89, 0.84, 0.52, 0.88, 0.17, 2.88, and 3.04 for Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, respectively, and 0.90 for the MARGA vs. SO2 monitor. There were clear seasonal cycles in the concentrations of the nitrogen-containing gases: the median concentrations of HNO3, HONO, and NH3 were 0.09 ppb, 0.37 ppb, and 0.01 ppb in winter, respectively, and 0.15, 0.15, and 0.14 in spring, respectively. The gas-phase fraction of nitrogen decreased roughly with decreasing temperature so that in the coldest period from January to February the median contribution was 28% but in April to May 53%. There were also large fractionation variations that temperature alone cannot explain. HONO correlated well with NOx but a large fraction of the HONO-to-NOx ratios were larger than published ratios in a road traffic tunnel suggesting that a large amount of HONO had other sources than vehicle exhaust. Aerosol acidity was estimated by calculating ion equivalent ratios. The sources of acidic aerosols were studied with trajectory statistics that showed that continental aerosol is mainly neutralized and marine aerosol acidic.

Numerical Modeling of Microporosity Formation in Aluminum-Rich Aluminum-Copper Alloys in Microgravity Conditions

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Xiong ◽  
A. V. Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Heat Transfer Fluid ◽  
Gas Phases ◽  
Alloy Casting ◽  
Cu Alloy ◽  
Aluminum Copper Alloys ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Microgravity Conditions ◽  
Parametric Analyses ◽  
Solid Liquid

Abstract The microporosity formation in a vertical unidirectionally solidifying Al-4.1%Cu alloy casting is modeled in both microgravity and standard gravity as well as in the conditions of decreased (Moon, Mars) and increased (Jupiter) gravity. Due to the unique opportunities offered by a low-gravity environment (absence of metallostatic pressure and of natural convection in the solidifying alloy) future microgravity experiments will significantly contribute to attaining a better physical understanding of the mechanisms of microporosity formation. One of the aims of the present theoretical investigation is to predict what microporosity patterns will look like in microgravity in order to help plan a future microgravity experiment. To perform these simulations, the authors suggest a novel three-phase model of solidification that accounts for the solid, liquid, and gas phases in the mushy zone. This model accounts for heat transfer, fluid flow, macrosegregation, and microporosity formation in the solidifying alloy. Special attention is given to the investigation of the influence of microporosity formation on the inverse segregation. Parametric analyses for different initial hydrogen concentrations and different gravity conditions are carried out.

Solute Transport in the Soil near Root Surfaces

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Tinker ◽  
Peter Nye
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Pore Solution ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Soil Pores ◽  
Intact Root

We discussed in chapter 4 the movement of solute between small volumes of soil, and in chapter 5 some properties of plant roots and associated hairs, particularly the relation between the rate of uptake at the root surface and the concentration of solute in the ambient solution. In the chapters to follow, we consider the plant root in contact with the soil, and deal with their association in increasingly complex situations; first, when the root acts merely as a sink and, second, when it modifies its relations with the surrounding soil by changing its pH, excreting ions, stimulating microorganisms, or developing mycorrhizas. In this chapter, we take the simplest situation that can be studied in detail, namely, a single intact root alone in a volume of soil so large that it can be considered infinite. The essential transport processes occurring near the root surface are illustrated in figure 6.1. We have examined in chapter 3 the rapid dynamic equilibrium between solutes in the soil pore solution and those sorbed on the immediately adjacent solid surfaces. These sorbed solutes tend to buffer the soil solution against changes in concentration induced by root uptake. At the root surface, solutes are absorbed at a rate related to their concentration in the soil solution at the boundary (section 5.3.2); and the root demand coefficient, αa, is defined by the equation . . . I = 2παaCLa (6.1) . . . where I = inflow (rate of uptake per unit length), a = root radius, CLa = concentration in solution at the root surface. To calculate the inflow, we have to know CLa, and the main topic of this chapter is the relation between CLa, and the soil pore solution concentration CL. The root also absorbs water at its surface due to transpiration (chapter 2) so that the soil solution flows through the soil pores, thus carrying solutes to the root surface by mass flow (convection). Barber et al. (1962) calculated whether the nutrients in maize could be acquired solely by this process, by multiplying the composition of the soil solution by the amount of water the maize had transpired.

Generalized Young Equation for Cylindrical Droplets within a Homogeneous and Smooth Regular Triangular Prism Filled with Gas in Three Convex Corners

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Long Zhou ◽  
Guang-Hua Sun ◽  
Ai-Jun Hu ◽  
Xiao-Song Wang
Keyword(s):  
Line Tension ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Triangular Prism ◽  
Gas Phases ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Dividing Surface ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Wetting Behaviors ◽  
Young Equation ◽  
Dividing Line

<p class="1Body">Based on the approaches of Gibbs’s dividing surface and Rusanov’s dividing line, the wetting behaviors of cylindrical droplets that at equilibrium are sitting inside a homogeneous and smooth regular triangular prism filled with gas in three convex corners are studied. For the three-phase system, which is composed of solid, liquid and gas phases, a generalized Young equation for cylindrical drops in a homogeneous and smooth regular triangular prism imbued with gas within three apex corners has been successfully derived including the effects of the line tension.</p>

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