The Khmer Empire

2021 ◽  
pp. 430-449
Author(s):  
Michael D. Coe
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Royal Palace ◽  
Foreign Wars ◽  
Artificial Reservoirs

Founded in 802 CE, until its demise in the fourteenth century CE, the Khmer Empire held sway over much of Southeast Asia. At the heart of the empire was the highly urbanized capital city Yashodarapura (Angkor), containing the royal palace, the state temple, and enormous artificial reservoirs or barays. The empire’s numerous provinces were connected to the central bureaucracy by a system of major and secondary roads. In a moneyless economy, taxes were levied in kind, principally rice, and market transactions were by barter. Over these roads traveled the imperial armies at times of foreign wars or invasion, or local revolt; army units consisted of foot soldiers, horse cavalry, and war elephants. Several factors led to the empire’s collapse, including agricultural failure and the silting of the barays; and outside attack, especially from the newly powerful Thai.

ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF DISTANCE EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN THE STATE OF AMAZONAS

2020 ◽  
pp. 37013-37019
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Distance Education ◽  
University Students ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
The State ◽  
University Education ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Education Students

No teaching method has evolved as much as distance education, in the state of Amazonas this would not be different, especially in higher education. Distance Education is a modality where the student is separated from the teacher and uses several communication technologies around all his learning. The methods used were bibliographic, documentary and quantitative. The researched environment was the capital city of Manaus and the municipality of Maués, with the application of the closed questionnaire aimed at higher education students. Our objective was to question certain nuances as their benefits and challenges for those who study Distance Education in the different locations of the State of Amazonas. The result was the realization that among its many advantages in the execution of education, time is considered the main one, and the loss of deadlines its greatest disadvantage, besides the concept of distance education is already well known by university students. Thus, it is well known that with the passing of time and with the progress of the state's modernization, distance education is gradually becoming the most practical means of teaching.

The Costs of Regularization in Southeast Asia

Contexts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Maryann Bylander
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Global South ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The State ◽  
Asian Context

In the Southeast Asian context, legal status is ambiguous; it enlarges some risks while lessening others. As is true in many contexts across the Global South, while documentation clearly serves the interest of the state by offering them greater control over migrant bodies, it is less clear that it serves the goals, needs, and well-being of migrants.

The Saint with Indra's Sword: Khruubaa Srivichai and Buddhist Millenarianism in Northern Thailand

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Bowie
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Capital City ◽  
The Political ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Modern Context ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Social Causes

AbstractDespite a growing literature revealing the presence of millenarian movements in both Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist societies, scholars have been remarkably reluctant to consider the role of messianic beliefs in Buddhist societies. Khruubaa Srivichai (1878–1938) is the most famous monk of northern Thailand and is widely revered as atonbun, or saint. Althoughtonbunhas been depoliticized in the modern context, the term also refers to a savior who is an incarnation of the coming Maitreya Buddha. In 1920 Srivichai was sent under arrest to the capital city of Bangkok to face eight charges. This essay focuses on the charge that he claimed to possess the god Indra's sword. Although this charge has been widely ignored, it was in fact a charge of treason. In this essay, I argue that the treason charge should be understood within the context of Buddhist millenarianism. I note the saint/savior tropes in Srivichai's mytho-biography, describe the prevalence of millenarianism in the region, and detail the political economy of the decade of the 1910s prior to Srivichai's detention. I present evidence to show that the decade was characterized by famine, dislocation, disease, and other disasters of both natural and social causes. Such hardships would have been consistent with apocalyptic omens in the Buddhist repertoire portending the advent of Maitreya. Understanding Srivichai in this millenarian context helps to explain both the hopes of the populace and the fears of the state during that tumultuous decade.

From Quanzhou to the Sulu Zone and Beyond: Questions Related to the Early Fourteenth Century

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderich Ptak
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
China Coast

Ships sailing from Fujian to Southeast Asia could choose between two different sea routes. The first route followed the China coast to central Guangdong; it then led to Hainan, the Champa coast and Pulau Condore, an island near the southern tip of Vietnam. From there it continued in three directions: to Siam, to northwestern Borneo and to the Malayan east coast. Going south to the Malayan east coast was the most direct way to Trengganu, Pahang, Pulau Tioman, Johore and modern Singapore whence it was possible to sail into the Indian Ocean or to cross over to Sumatra, Bangka Island and Java.

Local Institutions at the Crossroads of Environmental Regionalism in Southeast Asia: State-Civil Society Interplays and Tensions

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Antonio P. Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
The State ◽  
Local Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
International Interactions ◽  
Civil Societies

This paper inquires into the implications of the different discursive imaginations on civil societies and the state from the perspective of the social sciences, particularly political science and international relations. It focuses on some interfaces and tensions that exist between civil society on one hand, and the state and its bureaucratic instrumentalities on the other, particularly in the domain of environment and natural resources governance in the context of new regionalisms and of alternative concepts of human security. There is now a new context for regionalism in Southeast Asia, not only among state structures, such as the ASEAN and the various Mekong bodies, but also among local civil societies coming from the region. It is in this context that issues confronting local communities are given a new sphere for interaction, as well as a new platform for engaging state structures and processes. This paper illustrates how dynamic are the possibilities for non-state domains for transnational interactions, particularly in the context of the emerging environmental regionalism. This occurs despite the dominance of neo-realist political theorizing, and the state-centric nature of international interactions.

scholarly journals PERTIMBANGAN PEMINDAHAN IBUKOTA NEGARA DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF GEOGRAFI PERTAHANAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Makmur Supriyatno
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
State Capital

<p><em>The discourse on the transfer of the capital city of Jakarta has been conducted intensively lately, especially after the five-year flood hit Jakarta in January 2013. Consideration to use variety of scientific approaches have been expressed by various experts of regional development or urban planning in order to provide input where actual capital city should be moved. Defense aspect is actually one of important aspect to be considered in regards of transfers of the state capital. One of the defense branches of the specifics that need careful attention is the geography of defense. Since the Roman times to present the geography of defense is considered as a fortification or defense and even as central of gravity,although all regions of the country has been controlled. However, if the capital has not been occupied and controlled by the enemy, then the enemy could not be said to have mastered. To that end, the capital need to get treatment as a fortress that must qualify and meet variety of indicators from the perspective of defense. Thus, the discourse of the transfer of the capital need an indicator of the State Capital from the perspective of defense. Therefore, the transfer of the state capital has included sharing scientific considerations, including geography of defense.</em></p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Capital City, Transfers of Capital, Defense, Geography of Defense.</em></p>

scholarly journals Subsidence at the "Trébol" of Quito, Ecuador: an indicator for future disasters?

2015 ◽  
Vol 372 ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Toulkeridis ◽  
D. Simón Baile ◽  
F. Rodríguez ◽  
R. Salazar Martínez ◽  
N. Arias Jiménez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Fear Of Recurrence ◽  
The South ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
High Importance ◽  
Traffic Jams ◽  
South Central ◽  
The City

Abstract. A sinkhole of great proportions was produced in one of the most trafficked zones of Quito. Constructed in the late sixties, this area is of high importance in solving the traffic jams of the capital city. The sinkhole called "El Trebol" started to be generated in the form of a crater, reached finally dimensions of approximately 120 m in diameter and some 40 m of depth, where at its base the river Machangara appeared. The generation of this sinkhole paralyzed the traffic of the south-central part of the city for the following weeks and therefore the state of emergency was declared. Soon the cause of the sinkhole was encountered being the result of the lack of monitoring of the older subterranean sewer system where for a length of some 20 m the concrete tunnel that canalized the flow of the river collapsed generating the disaster. The collapse of this tunnel resulted from the presence of a high amount of trash floating through the tunnel and scratching its top part until the concrete was worn away leaving behind the sinkhole and the fear of recurrence in populated areas. The financial aspects of direct and indirect damage are emphasized.

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