Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
James Loxton
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
New Right ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Party Building ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
To Come

This introductory chapter presents the central puzzle of the book and sets the stage for the chapters to come. The first section defines the terms “conservative party” and “party-building.” The second section discusses the rise of the “new right” in Latin America during the 1980s. The third section presents data on new conservative parties formed in the region between 1978 and 2010. It highlights the puzzling fact that all of the successful cases (e.g., UDI in Chile, ARENA in El Salvador) were authoritarian successor parties, while those with more democratic origins (e.g., UCEDE in Argentina, PAN in Guatemala) failed. The fourth section briefly lays out the book’s argument about authoritarian inheritance and counterrevolutionary struggle. The fifth section considers potential alternative explanations. The final two sections discuss research design and provide a road map for the rest of the book.

Other Attempts at Conservative Party-Building in Latin America

2021 ◽  
pp. 188-216
Author(s):  
James Loxton
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
High Profile ◽  
The Third ◽  
Party Building ◽  
Potential Alternative

This chapter examines a number of other high-profile attempts at conservative party-building in Latin America. The first section examines RN in Chile, the PFL/DEM in Brazil, ADN in Bolivia, and Fujimorismo in Peru. Like the UDI and ARENA, all four were authoritarian successor parties; unlike the UDI and ARENA, however, they did not emerge from intense counterrevolutionary struggles and all faced serious problems of cohesion. The second section examines the Party of the U in Colombia, arguing that it was the “exception that proves the rule,” given its ties to violent armed groups. The third section considers four potential alternative paths to conservative party-building: (1) opposition to authoritarian regimes, (2) corporation-based parties, (3) the subnational strategy, and (4) conservative fusion. It discusses the viability of each by looking at several high-profile historical cases, and considers the implications for new conservative parties that cannot yet be definitively scored, notably the PRO in Argentina.

A Theory of Conservative Party-Building

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
James Loxton
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
Powerful Source ◽  
The Third ◽  
Party Building ◽  
Antecedent Conditions ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Latin America Countries ◽  
Two Independent Variables

This chapter lays out the book’s theory of conservative party-building, emphasizing two independent variables: (1) authoritarian inheritance and (2) counterrevolutionary struggle. The first section examines the challenges of conservative party-building in contemporary Latin America. The second section discusses the concept of authoritarian inheritance, arguing that authoritarian regimes can endow their partisan successors with a range of valuable resources. The third section discusses the role of counterrevolutionary struggle, arguing that intense struggles to preserve the existing order from a government perceived as an existential threat can serve as a powerful source of cohesion. The final section asks why conservative authoritarian successor parties emerged in some Latin America countries but not others, showing that this can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy by looking at three simple antecedent conditions.

UCEDE

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-125
Author(s):  
James Loxton
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Party ◽  
Military Regime ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Proximate Cause ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
The Third ◽  
Electoral Support ◽  
Economic Program ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines the failure of the UCEDE in Argentina, and compares it to the success of the UDI in Chile. The first section discusses the long history of conservative party weakness in Argentina. The second section asks why no “Argentine UDI” emerged from the 1976–1983 military regime, arguing that its poor governing performance—including, notably, its defeat in the 1982 Falklands/Malvinas War—made the formation of such a party unviable. The third section examines the emergence of the UCEDE, emphasizing its much weaker starting position relative to the UDI. The fourth section discusses the fall of the UCEDE, which suffered a series of schisms and a sharp drop in electoral support after newly elected President Carlos Menem (1989–1999), a Peronist, began to implement much of its economic program. While the proximate cause of the UCEDE’s collapse was the Menem government, the chapter argues that the deeper cause was the party’s various built-in weaknesses.

Exploring Inductive Risk

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Elliott ◽  
Ted Richards
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Inductive Risk ◽  
The Third ◽  
Decision Points ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
History Of

The introductory chapter provides an overview of the book Exploring Inductive Risk. It introduces the concept of inductive risk, briefly traces the history of the argument from inductive risk, and sets out the book’s chapters in terms of four themes. The first part, “Weighing Inductive Risk,” illustrates the concept of inductive risk and the judgments involved in weighing different sorts of errors. The chapters in the second part, “Evading Inductive Risk,” examine proposals by critics who argue that the value judgments associated with inductive risk should be made by citizens and policymakers, not by scientists. The third section, “The Breadth of Inductive Risk,” illustrates the wide variety of decision points throughout scientific practice where considerations of inductive risk are relevant. The book’s fourth section, “Exploring the Limits of Inductive Risk,” considers whether it still makes sense to apply the label of inductive risk to such a broad array of phenomena.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. xvi-28
Author(s):  
Oliver P. Richmond ◽  
Gëzim Visoka
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Local Resonance ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
The Third ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Key Features

This introductory chapter offers an overview of the key concepts and themes covered in the Handbook. The first section explores how peacebuilding, statebuilding, and peace formation are conceived in different international relations approaches and social science disciplines, offering an overview of the conceptual bedrock of major theories and approaches. The second section situates these approaches among other major global issues to illustrate their global, regional, and local resonance. The third section disaggregates key themes in peacebuilding and statebuilding studies. Finally, the fourth section looks at key features of postliberal peace and peace formation processes both in theory and in practice.

Conservative Party-Building in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Loxton
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Party Building ◽  
Party Cohesion ◽  
Democratic Stability

Where do strong conservative parties come from? While there is a growing scholarly awareness about the importance of such parties for democratic stability, much less is known about their origins. In this groundbreaking book, James Loxton takes up this question by examining new conservative parties formed in Latin America between 1978 and 2010. The most successful cases, he finds, shared a surprising characteristic: they had deep roots in former dictatorships. Through a comparative analysis of failed and successful cases in Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, and Guatemala, Loxton argues that this was not a coincidence. The successes inherited a range of resources from outgoing authoritarian regimes that, paradoxically, gave them an advantage in democratic competition. He also highlights the role of intense counterrevolutionary struggle as a source of party cohesion. In addition to making an empirical contribution to the study of the Latin American right and a theoretical contribution to the study of party-building, Loxton advances our understanding of the worldwide phenomenon of “authoritarian successor parties”—parties that emerge from authoritarian regimes, but that operate after a transition to democracy. A major work, Conservative Party-Building in Latin America will reshape our understanding of politics in contemporary Latin America and the realities of democratic transitions everywhere.

IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING OF SENTENCED PERSONS IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 59-75
Author(s):  
JAROSLAV KLÁTIK ◽  
◽  
LIBOR KLIMEK
Keyword(s):  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Electronic Monitoring ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
European Level ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third

The work deals with implementation of electronic monitoring of sentenced persons in the Slovak Republic. It is divided into eight sections. The first section introduces restorative justice as a prerequisite of electronic monitoring in criminal proceedings. While the second section points out at the absence of legal regulation of electronic monitoring of sentenced persons at European level, the third section points out at recommendations of the Council of Europe addressed to European States. The fourth section analyses relevant alternative punishments in Slovak criminal justice. The fifth section introduces early beginnings of implementation of concerned system - the pilot project “Electronic Personnel Monitoring System” of the Ministry of Justice of the Slovak Republic. While the sixth section is focused on Slovak national law regulating electronic monitoring of sentenced persons - the Act No. 78/2015 Coll. on Control of the Enforcement of Certain Decisions by Technical Instruments, the seventh section is focused on further amendments of Slovak national law - namely the Act No. 321/2018 Coll. and the Act No. 214/2019 Coll. The last eight section introduces costs of system implementation and its operation.

A road map for leptospirosis research and health policies based on country needs in Latin America

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Maria Pereira ◽  
Maria Cristina Schneider ◽  
Claudia Munoz-Zanzi ◽  
Federico Costa ◽  
Jackie Benschop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Road Map

O CINEMA DO TERCEIRO MUNDO SOB O OLHAR DA ANTIGEOPOLÍTICA: DITADURA E RESISTÊNCIA NA AMÉRICA LATINA

GEOgraphia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (42) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Rejane Cristina de Araujo Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Political Geography ◽  
Third World ◽  
Hollywood Film ◽  
The Third ◽  
World Cinema ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The Third World

Resumo: Filmes do Cinema de Hollywood são representativos de um imaginário geopolítico hegemônico. A este imaginário contrapõe-se uma antigeopolítica identificada nas representações de filmes do Cinema do Terceiro Mundo. Partindo de importantes contribuições da geografia política crítica que apontam para articulações entre as representações geopolíticas e os filmes, analisamos três filmes que retratam a América Latina em um dos períodos mais conturbados da sua história. Sua análise nos revela elementos característicos de uma geopolítica de resistência durante as ditaduras civil-militares implantadas no Brasil, no Chile e na Argentina.Palavras-chave: Antigeopolítica. Cinema. América Latina. Ditadura. THE THIRD WORLD CINEMA UNDER THE ANTIGEOPOLITICS VIEW: DICTATORSHIP AND RESISTANCE IN LATIN AMERICAAbstract: Hollywood film movies are representative of a hegemonic geopolitical imaginary. This imaginary contrasts with an antigeopolitics identified in the Third World Cinema representations. Based on important contributions from critical political geography that points to articulations between geopolitical representations and movies, we analyze three cinema productions that portray Latin America in one of the most troubled periods of its history. That analysis reveals elements of a geopolitics of resistance related to the civil-military dictatorships implanted in Brazil, Chile and Argentina.Keywords: Antigeopolitics. Movies. Latin America. Dictatorship. EL CINE DEL TERCER MUNDO BAJO LA VISIÓN ANTIGEOPOLÍTICA: DICTADURA Y RESISTENCIA EN AMÉRICA LATINAResumen: Películas del Cine de Hollywood son representativas de un imaginario geopolítico hegemónico. A este imaginario se contrapone una antigeopolítica identificada en las representaciones de películas del Cine del Tercer Mundo. A partir de importantes contribuciones de la geografía política crítica que apuntan para articulaciones entre las representaciones geopolíticas y las películas, analizamos tres películas que retratan la América Latina en uno de los períodos más revueltos de su historia. Su análisis nos revela elementos característicos de una geopolítica de resistencia durante las dictaduras implantadas en Brasil, en Chile y en Argentina.Palabras clave: Antigeopolítica. Cine. América Latina. Dictadura.

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