A Theory of Conservative Party-Building

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
James Loxton
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
Powerful Source ◽  
The Third ◽  
Party Building ◽  
Antecedent Conditions ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Latin America Countries ◽  
Two Independent Variables

This chapter lays out the book’s theory of conservative party-building, emphasizing two independent variables: (1) authoritarian inheritance and (2) counterrevolutionary struggle. The first section examines the challenges of conservative party-building in contemporary Latin America. The second section discusses the concept of authoritarian inheritance, arguing that authoritarian regimes can endow their partisan successors with a range of valuable resources. The third section discusses the role of counterrevolutionary struggle, arguing that intense struggles to preserve the existing order from a government perceived as an existential threat can serve as a powerful source of cohesion. The final section asks why conservative authoritarian successor parties emerged in some Latin America countries but not others, showing that this can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy by looking at three simple antecedent conditions.

Other Attempts at Conservative Party-Building in Latin America

2021 ◽  
pp. 188-216
Author(s):  
James Loxton
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
High Profile ◽  
The Third ◽  
Party Building ◽  
Potential Alternative

This chapter examines a number of other high-profile attempts at conservative party-building in Latin America. The first section examines RN in Chile, the PFL/DEM in Brazil, ADN in Bolivia, and Fujimorismo in Peru. Like the UDI and ARENA, all four were authoritarian successor parties; unlike the UDI and ARENA, however, they did not emerge from intense counterrevolutionary struggles and all faced serious problems of cohesion. The second section examines the Party of the U in Colombia, arguing that it was the “exception that proves the rule,” given its ties to violent armed groups. The third section considers four potential alternative paths to conservative party-building: (1) opposition to authoritarian regimes, (2) corporation-based parties, (3) the subnational strategy, and (4) conservative fusion. It discusses the viability of each by looking at several high-profile historical cases, and considers the implications for new conservative parties that cannot yet be definitively scored, notably the PRO in Argentina.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
James Loxton
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
New Right ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Party Building ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
To Come

This introductory chapter presents the central puzzle of the book and sets the stage for the chapters to come. The first section defines the terms “conservative party” and “party-building.” The second section discusses the rise of the “new right” in Latin America during the 1980s. The third section presents data on new conservative parties formed in the region between 1978 and 2010. It highlights the puzzling fact that all of the successful cases (e.g., UDI in Chile, ARENA in El Salvador) were authoritarian successor parties, while those with more democratic origins (e.g., UCEDE in Argentina, PAN in Guatemala) failed. The fourth section briefly lays out the book’s argument about authoritarian inheritance and counterrevolutionary struggle. The fifth section considers potential alternative explanations. The final two sections discuss research design and provide a road map for the rest of the book.

scholarly journals Review of the International Scientific and Practical Conference “Third Baskin Readings. Law and State of the Information Era: New Challenges and Prospects” (St. Petersburg, April 28, 2021)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay V. Razuvaev ◽  
◽  
Irina K. Shmarko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
State Characteristic ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Practical Conference

In the review of the conference “The Third Baskin Readings. Law and State of the Information Era: New Challenges and Prospects” presents a summary of the main theses of the speakers on the problems of digitalization, the concept and protection of human rights and freedoms in a digital society, the role of artificial intelligence, transformation of law as such and other issues. The speakers generally concluded that there was no special change in the legal system for the needs of digitalization, concluded that law as a social phenomenon has a high degree of adaptability to changing conditions, and the use of new technologies should not affect the content of legal regulation as a whole. However, during the discussion, it is proposed to consider new signs of law, for example, “seriousness of law” in relation to the theory of the game. The participants come to the conclusion that the world is multipolar and at the same time there can be various structures of law and state, characteristic of different stages of socio-economic development of societies.

scholarly journals Action for Cities: the Thatcher government and inner-city policy

Urban History ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-291
Author(s):  
Otto Saumarez Smith
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Inner Cities ◽  
The Third ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
City Policy

AbstractThis article surveys the Thatcher administration's approach to inner-city policy. It uses recently opened archives to reignite the debate over how far these years marked a radical break with past practices towards market-oriented approaches. The first part explains why inner cities became such a central issue for the Conservative party, running through all areas of domestic policy and taking up a vast amount of legislative time. The second part details some of the transatlantic neo-liberal ideas that blamed inner-city ills on government intervention, which were increasingly influential amongst senior Conservatives. The third section shows how little free market ideology actually succeeded in directing government policy, which more often than not saw an expansion of the role of the state. Antagonism with local authorities is revealed to have been a much more important and influential factor. These themes are expanded in the fourth section, which charts the Action for Cities policy drive of Thatcher's final term.

External Appeal, Internal Dominance: How Party Leaders Contribute to Successful Party Building

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Van Dyck
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
New Left ◽  
Brand Strength ◽  
New Parties ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Party Building ◽  
Democratic Revolution

AbstractMany successful political parties depend for their initial popularity and cohesion, and even for their long-term brand strength, on a leader. Nevertheless, literature on successful party building downplays the role of leaders. Thus, the question, what type of leader is good for party building?, remains undertheorized. This article presents and provides initial evidence for a leadership-centered theory of successful party building. It argues that externally appealing, internally dominant leaders facilitate party building by lifting new parties to electoral prominence and helping to prevent debilitating schisms. The article provides evidence for this argument through a most similar cases comparison of three new left parties in Latin America: two that took root (Brazil’s Workers’ Party, Mexico’s Party of the Democratic Revolution), and one that collapsed (Peru’s United Left).

Conservative Party-Building in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Loxton
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Party Building ◽  
Party Cohesion ◽  
Democratic Stability

Where do strong conservative parties come from? While there is a growing scholarly awareness about the importance of such parties for democratic stability, much less is known about their origins. In this groundbreaking book, James Loxton takes up this question by examining new conservative parties formed in Latin America between 1978 and 2010. The most successful cases, he finds, shared a surprising characteristic: they had deep roots in former dictatorships. Through a comparative analysis of failed and successful cases in Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, and Guatemala, Loxton argues that this was not a coincidence. The successes inherited a range of resources from outgoing authoritarian regimes that, paradoxically, gave them an advantage in democratic competition. He also highlights the role of intense counterrevolutionary struggle as a source of party cohesion. In addition to making an empirical contribution to the study of the Latin American right and a theoretical contribution to the study of party-building, Loxton advances our understanding of the worldwide phenomenon of “authoritarian successor parties”—parties that emerge from authoritarian regimes, but that operate after a transition to democracy. A major work, Conservative Party-Building in Latin America will reshape our understanding of politics in contemporary Latin America and the realities of democratic transitions everywhere.

Quantitative Analysis of the Role of Biomass in Latin America

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
Gabriel Sanchez-Sierra ◽  
Alvaro Umaña-Quesada
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Accelerated Growth ◽  
High Degree

Biomass, particularly that in the form of fuelwood, is considered to be the principal source of energy for a majority of Third World countries. However, quantitative assessment of fuelwood utilization is often difficult, both because of its ‘non-commercial’ status in many areas, and because of the lack of informaton arising from an unwillingness to officially acknowledge the high reliance of much of the population on this ‘unsophisticated’ fuel. This paper attempts to outline the current biomass utilization trends for Latin American countries. There, it can be shown that a high degree of correlation exists between low per capita income and a high proportion of fuelwood utilization and that the majority of fuelwood is used by the rural public sector, not the commercial and residential sectors. Generally, the trend is towards increased use of biomass energy both as a result of increased growth rates of rural populations and accelerated growth of marginal rural areas. The effect of this increased use has been to increase prices of fuelwood, and the systematic destruction of forest resources may have serious environmental consequences for these regions, with what is essentially a renewable energy source being rendered non-renewable. Recommendations are made as how to provide an integrated approach to the assessment of biomass as a national energy resource in Latin America, with implications for other areas of the world.

scholarly journals A ZONE OF TWILIGHT? PEACE AND CONFLICT IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE UNITED NATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sezai Özçelik
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
The Third ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Peace And Conflict ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Political Economic

This paper aims to explain the shift in Latin America’s level of conflict and internal violence relative to other regions in the world. It examines a single regional subsystem, Latin America within the framework of conflict and peace as well as the role of the United Nations. First, it aims to shed lights on main transformations and changes in terms of political, economic, social and cultural issues in Latin America. Second, the concept of the zone of peace is examined within the context of Latin America. The main activities of the United Nations in relation to conflict and peace are investigated in the third section. In conclusion, it underlines the lessons learned from conflict and peace processes in Latin America.

A ‘Jurist-linguistic’ Reading of the wuḍūʾ Verse (Q. 5:6)

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 313-282
Author(s):  
ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Mūsā
Keyword(s):  
The Third

This article sheds light on the role of grammar in understanding legislative texts, with reference to the wuḍūʾ verse (Q. 5:6). The first section deals with the issue of washing the elbows along with the feet as part of ritual ablution, and lists the various interpretations of the preposition ilā in the aya, and discusses the grammatical theory used by different fuqahāʾ to support their arguments. The second section tackles how much of the head should be rubbed in ritual ablution, with regard to the use of the preposition bi- in the phrase bi-ruʾūsikum, while the third focuses on the two readings of the phrase arjulakum/arjulikum (‘your feet’) and on passing legislative judgement on whether the feet be washed or just rubbed. The study concludes that lugha and fiqh theory are of mutual importance and together help to clarify legislative judgements, and, on this basis, that jurists should not pass any legislative judgement without referring to language.

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