Johannes Bugenhagen

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-80
Author(s):  
Esther Chung-Kim
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Region ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Church Reform ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Deserving Poor ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
German Cities

Johannes Bugenhagen’s church orders revealed the lasting imprint of religious values on the poverty policies of many German cities. Originally from Pomerania (the coastal region of present-day Poland and Germany), Bugenhagen crafted legislation that included practical measures for poor relief. As a Wittenberg pastor, professor, and organizer of church reform, Bugenhagen became the diplomat for translating Lutheran ideals into practical laws that would reorganize or create new institutions of poor relief in north German cities, as well as in Scandinavia. In his negotiations with city councils and political rulers, he highlighted an emerging need to support poor pastors who, as married clergy, now had families to support. His experience of creating laws for diverse circumstances led him to delineate flexible policies with an adaptable understanding of the deserving poor.

Economics of Faith

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Chung-Kim
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Religious Reform ◽  
City Councils ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Religious Piety ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Relief System

This book addresses the role of religious reformers in the development of poor relief in the sixteenth century. During the Reformation, religious leaders served as catalysts, organizers, stabilizers, and consolidators of various programs to alleviate poverty. Although once in line with religious piety, voluntary poverty was no longer a spiritual virtue for many religious reformers. Rather, they imagined social welfare reform to be an integral part of religious reform and worked to modify existing common chests or establish new ones. As crises and migration exacerbated poverty and caused begging to be an increasing concern, Catholic humanists and Protestant reformers moved beyond traditional almsgiving to urge coordination and centralization of a poor relief system. For example, Martin Luther promoted the consolidation of former ecclesiastical property in the poor relief plan for Leisnig in 1523, while Juan Luis Vives devised a new social welfare proposal for Bruges in 1526. In negotiations with magistrates and city councils, reformers shaped various local institutions, such as hospitals, orphanages, job creation programs, and scholarships for students, as well as developed new ways of supporting foreigners, strangers, and refugees. Religious leaders contributed to caring for the vulnerable because poverty was a problem too big for any one group to tackle. As religious options multiplied within Christianity, one’s understanding of community would determine the boundaries, albeit contested and sometimes fluid, of responsible poor relief.

scholarly journals GERMAN CITIES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE FOUNDATION OF UNIVERSITIES DURING THE 14th AND 15th CENTURIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
A. A. Rundichuk
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
City Council ◽  
City Government ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
German Cities

An article is an attempt to study the main processes of the interaction between German cities and universities in the late Middle Ages. The author also researched the main aspects of the foundation of universities in Germany and the role of German cities during the 14th and 15th centuries in their formation, financing and material endowment. It was carried out the classification of the sources of financial income to universities, including participation in this process by city councils, which exercised certain rights and responsibilities towards universities, and formed separate bodies of city government for the care of educational institutions, including so-called «provisors» or «deputies», paid scholarships and annual grants to the university's general expenses, granted salaries for teachers. Main attention is given to the cultural and scientific role of the higher education institutions, which they played for the German cities in during the late Middle Ages, namely the provision of educated professionals, that contributed to the economic and political development of these territories. It is also analyzed the social composition of students and university teachers, the proportion of burghers in this environment, their role in shaping the teaching staff of higher education institutions. It is carried out the conflicts between urban representatives, in particular artisans, and high school students. It is also researched the confrontations between municipal administration and the representatives of universities and the role of city council or princes in the settlement of such clashes. Particular attention is paid to conflicts between city councils and universities regarding the appointment of teachers, the procedure of rent payment for the use of city buildings, committing offenses in the city by students.

VAKIFAS INTENT AND PRACTICE: CHARITY AND POOR RELIEF IN TURKEY

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damla Isik
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Deserving Poor ◽  
Religious Ideals ◽  
To Receive

AbstractThrough ethnographic and archival research conducted in Istanbul and Izmir, this article examines the dynamics and regulation of charitable giving in contemporary Turkey. The article is based on interviews I conducted with the volunteers, employees, and aid recipients of three civil society organizations that rely on charitable giving to fund their projects, which center on helping the poor and providing aid during and after wars and other disasters. I document how religious ideals of anonymous charitable giving for the sake of giving, without expectation of return, are closely intertwined with anxiety over finding a worthy charitable association and recipient. In doing so, I focus onvakıfas both a concept and a practice that gives meaning to charitable giving in Turkey. The increasing desire to document, define, and categorize the deserving poor as a way to justify the intent to give and to receive goes against the anonymity and immediacy of giving, thus riddling intent with ethical contradictions. I argue that attention needs to be paid to the intent, practice, and various forms of giving, and not just to the effects and outcomes of charity.

Local responses to the poor in late medieval and Tudor England

1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie K. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Public Assistance ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Tudor England ◽  
Local Responses ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Deserving Poor

The leaders of English villages and towns between 1388 and 1598 accepted that deserving poor people, those unable to work to support themselves, warranted private and, if necessary, public assistance. Poverty was objectively mild in the century after the 1349 plague. Economic and demographic developments between c. 1465 and 1530 increased the number of poor people. Religious and political changes of the mid-sixteenth century forced individuals and parishes to assume virtually the entire burden of poor relief. Parliamentary legislation empowered local authorities to raise compulsory taxes for support of the poor. In Elizabeth's reign the problems of poverty intensified, forcing nearly all parishes to use taxation at least in bad years.

scholarly journals The role of stakeholders in managing polythene and plastic waste in coastal cities of Sri Lanka: a case study of the Dehiwala-Mt. lavinia municipal council region

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
Suresh Kariyawasam ◽  
Ayesha Madhuwanthi ◽  
Clevo Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Local Council ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Current Practices

High-density urban development with mixed land uses in Sri Lankan coastal cities generate large amounts of plastic and polythene waste (PPW). The limited capacity of city councils, the deficiencies of current waste management practices and poor awareness, a significant proportion of PPW is being released into the environment, which in turn has accumulated in the marine ecosystem through canal networks. This paper analyses the current practices of PPW disposal in one such coastal region based on a sample of 579 households, 182 commercial properties, and 103 institutions. Results indicate that out of 29 tons of PPW generated in the region, around 8% was disposed into the environment in the form of landfill, burning, and discharging into water bodies. Non-parametric correlations indicate a significant correlation between reduction of PPW (waste generators), private waste collection and awareness by local media. Qualitative analysis highlights the existing limitations of current practices of PPW disposal such as non-availability of practical and cost effective alternatives (government and industries), poor awareness of PPW impacts (waste generators, media, the local council, and researchers), negative attitudes of society, law enforcement (national government and local councils) and irregular waste collection of local councils.

scholarly journals Joint-Venture Universities in China: Shanghai and Shenzhen Comparisons

2015 ◽  
pp. 25-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Hayhoe ◽  
Julia Pan
Keyword(s):  
Joint Venture ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
Southern City

This article illustrates two features of emerging joint venture universities in China, the requirement of formal partnership between a Chinese and a foreign university, and the substantial financial provision made for these new institutions by towns and cities in the Eastern Coastal region. Contrasts in curricular scope and the potential for attracting excellent faculty on a long-term basis are made between established British and American partnerships in the Shanghai area and emerging institutions in the southern city of Shenzhen.

The Decretists and the “Deserving Poor”

1959 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Tierney
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Deserving Poor ◽  
Great Mass

In spite of all the complex controversies concerning the interplay of religious ideas and economic forces at the end of the Middle Ages the investigation of the pre-existing medieval poor law has been rather neglected by modern scholars. Evidently enough attitudes toward the relief of poverty are as significant as attitudes toward the acquisition of wealth in gauging the climate of economic thought in any given age. Yet, apart from studies on hospital administration, little has been done in this field of medieval research since the pioneering works of Ratzinger, Emminghaus, Ehrle, Uhlhorn and Ashley in the nineteenth century. Since then the attitudes of social welfare experts to the problems of poor relief have radically changed and a great mass of source material unknown to the earlier writers, notably the work of the medieval canonists, has come to the attention of historians. Both these facts suggest a need for some reconsideration of medieval attitudes to the poor and to the relief of poverty.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 236-241
Author(s):  
John McCallum
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Welfare Provision ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Deserving Poor ◽  
And Control

The problem of poverty was not a new one after 1560, and the desire to improve the treatment of the deserving poor (and to exclude and control the undeserving) was not an invention of the Protestant Reformation, nor of the sixteenth century. The Scottish Protestant reformers certainly wanted to improve welfare provision. But far more important than their rhetorical statements on the issue, or those of their opponents, were the institutional mechanisms they created as part of their new church. Through the kirk session, the Reformation of 1559–60 created the possibility for a localised and routine system of poor relief that was entirely unprecedented in Scotland. In the following decades, local ministers, elders and deacons began to put that possibility into practice....

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