The Tangled Bank

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Franklin M. Harold
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Discrete Groups ◽  
Nutrient Cycles ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Individual Organism ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Tangled Bank

Why are there so many kinds of organisms, and why do they cluster into discrete groups associated with particular locales? These and other ecological questions find answers in the expansive version of evolution that is presently emerging. Heredity, variation, natural selection, and adaptation are rooted in the level of genes, but incorporate features that grow out of the many tiers of biological organization. The communitarian view of life complements the one focused on the individual organism, and requires us to reexamine the meaning of both organism and individual. It embraces broad-gauge phenomena such as nutrient cycles, and gave birth to Gaia: the vision of Earth as a self-regulating system that has kept our planet hospitable to life for nearly 4 billion years.

scholarly journals Entangling Lattice-Trapped Bosons with a Free Impurity: Impact on Stationary and Dynamical Properties

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Maxim Pyzh ◽  
Kevin Keiler ◽  
Simeon I. Mistakidis ◽  
Peter Schmelcher
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Entropy Measures ◽  
Particle Level ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Tunneling Dynamics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Trapped Bosons

We address the interplay of few lattice trapped bosons interacting with an impurity atom in a box potential. For the ground state, a classification is performed based on the fidelity allowing to quantify the susceptibility of the composite system to structural changes due to the intercomponent coupling. We analyze the overall response at the many-body level and contrast it to the single-particle level. By inspecting different entropy measures we capture the degree of entanglement and intraspecies correlations for a wide range of intra- and intercomponent interactions and lattice depths. We also spatially resolve the imprint of the entanglement on the one- and two-body density distributions showcasing that it accelerates the phase separation process or acts against spatial localization for repulsive and attractive intercomponent interactions, respectively. The many-body effects on the tunneling dynamics of the individual components, resulting from their counterflow, are also discussed. The tunneling period of the impurity is very sensitive to the value of the impurity-medium coupling due to its effective dressing by the few-body medium. Our work provides implications for engineering localized structures in correlated impurity settings using species selective optical potentials.

Units and levels of selection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Okasha
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Levels Of Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Individual Organism ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Hierarchical Levels ◽  
The Individual

In a standard Darwinian explanation, natural selection takes place at the level of the individual organism, i.e. some organisms enjoy a survival or reproduction advantage over others, which results in evolutionary change. In principle however, natural selection could operate at other hierarchical levels too, above and below that of the organism, for example the level of genes, cells, groups, colonies or even whole species. This possibility gives rise to the ‘levels of selection’ question in evolutionary biology. Group and colony-level selection have been proposed, originally by Darwin, as a means by which altruism can evolve. (In biology, ‘altruism’ refers to behaviour which entails a fitness cost to the individual so behaving, but benefits others.) Though this idea is still alive today, many theorists regard kin selection as a superior explanation for the existence of altruism. Kin selection arises from the fact that relatives share genes, so if an organism behaves altruistically towards its relatives, there is a greater than random chance that the beneficiary of the altruistic action will itself be an altruist. Kin selection is closely bound up with the ‘gene’s eye view’ of evolution, which holds that genes, not organisms, are the true beneficiaries of the evolutionary process. The gene’s eye approach to evolution, though heuristically valuable, does not in itself resolve the levels of selection question, because selection processes that occur at many hierarchical levels can all be seen from a gene’s eye viewpoint. In recent years, the levels of selection discussion has been re-invigorated, and subtly transformed, by the important new work on the ‘major evolutionary transitions’. These transitions occur when a number of free-living biological units, originally capable of surviving and reproducing alone, become integrated into a larger whole, giving rise to a new biological unit at a higher level of organization. Evolutionary transitions are intimately bound up with the levels of selection issue, because during a transition the potential exists for selection to operate simultaneously at two different hierarchical levels.

The Position of the Insurance Press in relation to Insurance Offices and Insurance Interests

1881 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
Cornelius Walford
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

I think the time has arrived when the subject indicated in the title of this paper may be fairly and fully considered. It is certainly one which must frequently have presented itself to the managerial mind; and there can be no reason why this question should not be discussed with as much philosophic calmness as any of the many theoretical problems, or points in practice, which continually present themselves for reflection, and perchance for decision.The point may indeed arise—whether I am the proper person to introduce the topic. I take the individual responsibility of deciding in the affirmative. I have, on the one hand, been as frequently assailed by the insurance press, as any one, and, on the other, received as much kindness and friendly recognition as any man can desire, and more than I claim to deserve. It may be that in either case the extreme has been reached, or passed. I have the advantage of having been a writer upon the press, insurance and general, from the days of my youth, and I say at once that my sympathies are largely on that side. But I think that the familiarity which draws me to the side of its virtues, also renders me, at least in some degree, cognizant of its short-comings. I have the further advantage of having been on various occasions consulted by managers on the one hand, and by editors on the other, upon the points which I now proceed to discuss.

The Large Novel and the Law of Large Numbers: Daniel Deronda and the Counterintuitive

Good Form ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 153-190
Author(s):  
Jesse Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Daniel Deronda ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Conceptual Shift ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

This chapter assesses the counterintuitive: the ending that “feels wrong,” or that does not work out as it seems it should. Certainly, this could mean many things, from a poorly constructed novel to the pedagogy implied by naturalist accident. The form of the counterintuitive that structures much of George Eliot's Daniel Deronda (1876), however, and which enacts the novel's stern moral lesson, develops from Eliot's more social concerns. Eliot, throughout her writing career, worked with an idea of narrative intuition, and formal morality, connected with the model consisting of a working out of the identity between an individual and the larger group. In Deronda, though, with its consistent concentration on ideas of probability and statistical significance, one sees a conceptual shift in Eliot's thinking about the relation of the one and the many. In short: though the larger workings of human interaction indicate that a certain state of affairs shall certainly come about at the largest levels, this offers no indication of how or when this might resolve in the individual case.

Emersonian Strategies: Negative Liberty, Self-Reliance, and Democratic Individuality

1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-479
Author(s):  
Cyrus R. K. Patell
Keyword(s):  
Common Denominator ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Negative Liberty ◽  
Positive Liberty ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Communal Institutions

Emersonian political thought subjects the term "individualism," which was invented in Europe as a description of the defects of Enlightenment thought and used by Tocqueville pejoratively as a critique of American democracy, to a process of idealization that enables it to appropriate concepts that might other-wise be conceived as oppositional to it. Emersonianism inherits Locke's negative conception of freedom as freedom from restraint, but claims that negative liberty inevitably transforms itself into a form of positive liberty that nurtures communal institutions. From Emerson himself to George Kateb today, Emersonians have relied upon a methodological individualism in which they shift the ground of inquiry from culture and society to the individual and traslate moments of social choice into moments of individual choice. This methodological strategy is a literal application of the motto e pluribus unum, which expresses the idea that the American nation is formed through the union of many individuals and peoples. In the hands of the Emersonians the customary sense of this motto is reversed: they move from the many to the one, to the single individual, paring away differences in order to reach a common denominator that will allow them to make claims about all individuals. At the heart of their endeavor is the belief that the health of the nation depends on its ability to respect and protect the individuality of each of its citizens.

Hindu Temples and the Emanating Cosmos

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 112-134
Author(s):  
Adam Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Formal Structure ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
Hindu Temples ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Human Source ◽  
The Way

A recurrent idea in Indian philosophical, theological, and mythological systems is that of a universe manifested through a sequence of emanations. Diverse traditions of doctrine and practice share this vision of the progression from the one to the many. Temple designs often embody the same pattern. Within the diverse traditions of Indian temple architecture, an emanatory scheme is observable both in the formal structure of individual temple designs, which express a dynamic sequence of emergence and growth, and in the way in which temple forms develop throughout the course of such traditions. The canonical Sanskrit texts on architecture (Vastu Shastras) share this emanatory way of thinking, presenting varied temple typologies in which designs develop from simple to complex, emerging sequentially one from another. These texts provide a framework for design that demands interpretation and improvisation, while leading to results that are only partly determined by the individual architect. This contributes to a sense, powerfully established by the unfolding potential of the tradition of architectural practice, that a new temple design is svayambhu (self-manifesting) appearing through a cosmic process from a supra-human source.

Heroes and the many: Typological reflections on the collective appeal of the heroic: revolutionary Iran and its implications

Thesis Eleven ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 072551362110331
Author(s):  
Olmo Gölz
Keyword(s):  
Single Individual ◽  
Niklas Luhmann ◽  
Ordinary Person ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Good And Evil

The heroic figure is a human fiction of the wholly singular. In the hero, discourses about ideals and exemplariness, extra-ordinariness and exceptionalness, agonality, transgressivity, or good and evil become condensed into a single individual. Thus, the hero is the opposite of the masses. As it is argued in this article, the answer to the question of what distinguishes a hero lies in the supererogatory moment, the reference to the hero’s quality of more than can be expected: the heroic figure does more than he or she has to, more than duty requires of an ordinary person, and this is the reason they are heroized. However, this also points to a dialectic moment of the heroic in which the opposition between the hero and the many seems to be suspended. Following Niklas Luhmann, the hero represents the paradox of conformity through deviance, because through the example of their abnormality they produce in others a desire to imitate them. In the end, there is a collective appeal of the heroic that affects even the conceptual complement of the hero: the crowd which is characterized by the disappearance of the individual within it. Inspired by Luhmann’s sociological reflections on the heroic as well as Elias Canetti’s anthropological perspectives on the phenomena of the crowd, this article traces the rhetoric of the hero along its path from the singular to the plural. Against the backdrop of the analysis of the heroic in revolutionary Iran, a generalizable typology is proposed that distinguishes between the hero, the collective of heroes, the heroic collective, and collective heroism. This order reflects a progression that is analogous to the conjunction of the one and the many, moving qualitatively from the distinct figure of the hero to the indistinguishable masses.

Rule-Making for a Digital Court Process

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Terence Etherton
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Design Work ◽  
High Performing ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Digital Processes ◽  
Rule Making

This chapter sets out the challenges of developing procedural rules for digital court processes, which will become a significant feature of the civil justice landscape in the coming years. The present HMCTS Reform Programme is to deliver a more efficient, effective and high performing courts system through the use of new technology. Experience to date in developing digital dispute resolution initiatives in each of the individual existing jurisdictions—Civil, Family and Tribunal—has made clear the need for a different way of approaching rule making. On the one hand, there must be proper judicial oversight of, and input into, the technical design work of the programmers designing the new digital processes. On the other hand, these processes are constantly being refined in light of testing and user feedback and it would be unworkable if every change required a new rule. There are also considerable technical challenges in developing digital processes. We must be careful not to be overly ambitious in developing such processes, or forget the needs of those who struggle to use them. However, early experience in this jurisdiction, particularly with the Online Civil Money Claims project, and other jurisdictions around the world, suggests that this initiative will provide a great improvement to access to justice for the many tens of thousands of people with small or modest claims and for those with limited resources.

The pattern of change in size and shape

1950 ◽  
Vol 137 (889) ◽  
pp. 433-443 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Increase ◽  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Present Discussion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Complex Phenomena

In introducing a discussion on the subject of growth, it is unnecessary to add to the many definitions of the word which previous writers have provided. It is, however, useful to try to define the particular theme of the present discussion, for as Weiss (1949) has put it, the term ‘growth’ has become a cover for a variety of diverse and complex phenomena. ‘It is not even’, he writes, ‘a scientific term with defined and constant meaning, but a popular label that varies with the accidental traditions, predilections, and purposes of the individual or school using it. It has come to connote all and any of these; reproduction, increase in dimensions, linear increase, gain in weight, gain in organic mass, cell multiplication, mitosis, cell migration, protein synthesis, and perhaps more.’ The present discussion has been designed to illuminate an aspect of the subject which is aptly described by Richards & Kavanagh’s (1945) definition of growth as ‘a fundamental attribute of living organisms, manifested by a change in size of the individual, or in the number of organisms in a unit of environment’, the change normally being an increase, with the possibility of negative growth or decrease in size under adverse conditions. Its main theme is the unfolding with time of a pattern of change in an organism—a pattern of change of size and of change of shape—and the methods by which the change can be defined. This was the aspect of the subject which dominated D’Arcy Thompson’s interest. ‘The study of form’, he wrote (1916, 1942), ‘may be descriptive merely, or it may become analytical. We begin by describing the shape of an object in the simple words of common speech: we end by defining it in the precise language of mathematics; and the one method tends to follow the other in strict scientific order and historical accuracy.’

scholarly journals Contrasting Learning Psychology Theories Applied to the Teaching-Learning-Training Process of Tactics in Soccer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grégory Hallé Petiot ◽  
Rodrigo Aquino ◽  
Davi Correia da Silva ◽  
Daniel Vieira Barreira ◽  
Markus Raab
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
Teaching Approaches ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Sport Pedagogy ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Teaching Learning

Research in sport pedagogy and its applied recommendations are still characterized by a contrast between the different learning theories from psychology. Traditional theories and their corresponding approaches to the specific case of teaching and learning “how to play [team sports like soccer]” are subject to compatibilities and incompatibilities. We discuss how behaviorism as an approach to teaching the game shows more incompatibilities with the nature of tactical actions when compared to constructivism. As coaches strive to teach the game and make their players and team perform, we argue that teaching the game requires teaching approaches that will help develop their way to play (i.e., tactical behavior) without taking away their autonomy and adaptiveness. The teaching-learning-training process for playing the game should then be conducted to harmonize the characteristics of the contents, the context, and the individual(s) at hand. We provide two illustrated examples and portray how the recommended approaches fit key contents of the game that are observed in the tactical behavior. We finally argue that the coherent design of games provides minimal conditions to teaching approaches, and that such a design should be a priority when elaborating the learning activities along the player development process. As a conclusion, the interactionist theory is the one that best serves the teaching of the game and the development of tactical behavior. We therefore defend that its principles can help coaches tailor their own strategy to teach the game with the many tools.

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